Addressing the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Youth: A Systematic Review of Program and Policy Evaluations

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a specific kind of human trafficking. It is the trafficking of people for the sale or exchange of sexual acts to another where, typically, a third party benefits. These third parties are referred to as traffickers though they can also be referred to as “pimps.” Even in the absence of a third party, the sale or exchange of sexual acts with a minor to another is commercial sexual exploitation. Unfortunately, the commercial sexual exploitation of children is appealing because it is highly profitable. Children and youth are sought after by traffickers because the demand for children and youth is high among those who pay for sex. In addition, traffickers tend to target young girls and boys who may be homeless, living in group homes, have a history of trauma, or are otherwise vulnerable. Previously, when children were identified or found to be commercially sexually exploited they were considered child prostitutes. More recently, this narrative has changed, with the recognition that there is no such thing as a child prostitute. Policies regarding the commercial sexual exploitation of children have also changed to more accurately recognize and treat children and youth as victims in need of support or services. This more accurate reframing of the issue, along with the increase in attention to the issue, has led to a proliferation of efforts in many public service systems, including criminal, juvenile justice, and child welfare systems, to respond to commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) differently—specifically, to focus on identifying and protecting victims of CSE and providing the most appropriate services to victims. Despite these changes and increased focus on the issue, true prevalence rates of CSE are unknown and service systems often struggle with how to best serve children and youth who have experienced CSE.

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A Systematic Review of Specialty Courts in the United States for Adolescents Impacted by Commercial Sexual Exploitation

Trauma Violence & Abuse ◽

10.1177/15248380211061403 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 152483802110614

Author(s):

Sarah M. Godoy ◽

Georgia E. Perris ◽

Mikiko Thelwell ◽

Antonia Osuna-Garcia ◽

Elizabeth Barnert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

At Risk ◽

Sexual Exploitation ◽

The United States ◽

Judicial System ◽

Primary Data ◽

System Response ◽

Commercial Sexual Exploitation ◽

Placement Stability ◽

Specialty Courts

Nationwide efforts to enhance services for adolescents experiencing commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) in the judicial system have led to the emergence of specialty courts, including human trafficking and girls’ courts. Given that prior research has documented competing stances on the effectiveness of specialty courts for CSE-impacted populations, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify key characteristics of programming, profiles of adolescents served, and effectiveness of these courts. To identify relevant research and information, we systematically searched scholarly databases and information sources, conducted reference harvesting, and forwarded citation chaining. Articles presenting primary data with quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methodologies or programmatic descriptions of specialty courts serving adolescents at risk or with confirmed histories of CSE that were published after 2004 were included. We identified 39 articles on 21 specialty courts serving adolescents at risk or with confirmed histories of CSE, including seven specialty courts with evaluation or outcome data. Across specialty courts, adolescents benefited from an increase in linkage to specialized services, improved residential placement stability, and reduction in recidivism—measured by new criminal charges. Specialty court participation was also associated with improved educational outcomes and decreased instances of running away. A lack of empirical data, specifically of evaluation studies, emerged as a weakness in the literature. Still, findings support that specialty courts can be an integral judicial system response to CSE. Multidisciplinary collaboration can help target and respond to the multifaceted needs of adolescents, encourage healthy behaviors, and promote their overall wellness.

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The experience of adolescent victims of commercial sexual exploitation in the United States: a qualitative systematic review protocol

The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ◽

10.11124/01938924-201513080-00012 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 110-119

Author(s):

Michelle DeCoux Hampton ◽

Kate Shade

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Sexual Exploitation ◽

The United States ◽

Commercial Sexual Exploitation ◽

Systematic Review Protocol ◽

Qualitative Systematic Review ◽

Review Protocol ◽

Adolescent Victims

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Global Commercial and Sexual Exploitation of Children

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.592 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Julie Anne Laser-Maira ◽

Charles E. Hounmenou ◽

Donna Peach

Keyword(s):

Child Labor ◽

Child Pornography ◽

Sexual Exploitation ◽

Children And Youth ◽

Early Marriage ◽

Forced Labor ◽

Commercial Sexual Exploitation ◽

For Profit ◽

Sexual Solicitation ◽

Domestic Servitude

The term commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) refers to the for-profit sexual exploitation of children and youth through buying, trading, or selling sexual acts. CSEC is a subset of children and youth who are victims of human trafficking or trafficking in persons (TIP). The Stockholm Declaration defines CSEC as a form of coercion and violence against children that amounts to forced labor and a contemporary form of slavery; there are many forms of CSEC, including child prostitution, child marriage, early marriage, forced marriage, temporary marriage, mail-order brides, child labor, child servitude, domestic servitude, begging, massage, sex tourism, child pornography, online streaming of sexual abuse, sexual extortion of children, and sexual solicitation of children. Not all experiences of sexual servitude are globally recognized. It is critical to explore the concepts of race, inequality, power, culture, and globalization and how they impact the commercial sexual exploitation of children.

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