scholarly journals AI Content Moderation, Racism and (de)Coloniality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Siapera
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Unpaid Labour ◽  
Decision Making Processes

AbstractThe article develops a critical approach to AI in content moderation adopting a decolonial perspective. In particular, the article asks: to what extent does the current AI moderation system of platforms address racist hate speech and discrimination? Based on a critical reading of publicly available materials and publications on AI in content moderation, we argue that racialised people have no significant input in the definitions and decision making processes on racist hate speech and are also exploited as their unpaid labour is used to clean up platforms and to train AI systems. The disregard of the knowledge and experiences of racialised people and the expropriation of their labour with no compensation reproduce rather than eradicate racism. In theoretically making sense of this, we draw influences from Anibal Quijano’s theory of the coloniality of power and the centrality of race, concluding that in its current iteration, AI in content moderation is a technology in the service of coloniality. Finally, the article develops a sketch for a decolonial approach to AI in content moderation, which aims to centre the voices of racialised communities and to reorient content moderation towards repairing, educating and sustaining communities.

scholarly journals The geopolitical dimension of gas security in the European Union

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-73
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Rosicki
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Member States ◽  
Supply Disruptions ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Selection Of

The objective scope of the analysis performed in the text encompasses the energy security in the European Union and its member states, and includes the perspective of geopolitical conditions. The geopolitical conditions should be understood as a variety of relations between geographical conditions and decision-making processes concerned with energy security. The main objective of the text is to present a selection of theoretical problems encountered in the study of energy security, as well as to link them with such issues as gas import dependence and the risk of gas supply disruptions, mainly from the Russian direction. In order to elaborate the objective scope of analysis, the following research questions are presented: (1) To what extent do geographical conditions determine decision-making processes in the energy policy pursued by the European Union?; and (2) To what extent do geographical conditions determine threats to the security of gas supplies to the European Union and its member states? The text is chiefly an overview, but the theoretical part loosely makes use of the premises of the research program concerned with the integration of knowledge as part of the studies of energy security and energy transitions, presented by E. Brutschina, A. Cherp, J. Jewell, B. K. Sovacool and V. Vinichenka. Additionally, knowledge contained in the literature on energy and gas security has been synthesized and enriched with a critical approach, and the author’s own assessments and conclusions.

Making Sense of Data-Informed Decision Making in Educational Contexts

2021 ◽  
pp. 545-563
Author(s):  
Venesser Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
School Improvement ◽  
School Leaders ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Informed Decision ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Organisational Trust ◽  
Data Informed

Educational change is a constant reality that is faced by school leaders today. These leaders are held more accountable than ever before for decisions being made. This chapter discusses the strengths in the continuous school improvement approach that develops both leadership and organisational capabilities such as collaboration, communication, and organisational trust within schools and school systems as they continue to deal with the ongoing onslaught of change and complexity present today. In these complex, ever-changing school contexts, leaders have to make multiple decisions on a daily basis. This chapter focuses on making sense of ‘how' and ‘why' data-informed decision-making continues its rising ascent and significance in educational leadership contexts within schools today. Through the accurate use of educational data within schools, a number of these decisions, can through collaborative decision-making processes assist school leaders and teachers in delivering better educational opportunities and outcomes for students.

scholarly journals Cognitive pathways in small businesses decision-making processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 350-359
Author(s):  
Carmela Rizza
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Managerial Accounting ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Limited Diffusion

Research on small firms decision-making processes has stimulated accounting scholars to investigate how peculiarities of these firms could affect the way how they are managed, focusing on the limited diffusion of managerial accounting practices in these contexts. Controversial results on how managerial accounting practices work in small firms, claim for further research that mostly focus on how managerial accounting systems work in the decision-making processes of small firms. In this view, adopting a sociological perspective managerial accounting practices are interpreted as tools for making sense of past decisions and to discover future alternatives through cognitive pathways. Thus, the attention is on learning processes activated through balance sheet analysis in a small firm that was implementing this tool. The main contribution of this paper concerns the crucial role that balance sheet analyses play in supporting the organizational actors to monitor the state of the company and the decision-making processes. The discussion of balance sheet analyses results enabled the owner and his staff to appraise the current situation and pinpoint weaknesses, allowing them to analyse past events with a new lens and activating new knowledge pathways. Case evidence supports theoretical contributions to the decision-making processes of small businesses helping to better understand how managerial accounting practices work to discover future alternatives through cognitive pathways. The paper provides also a practical contribution concerning the crucial role that balance sheet analyses play in small firms.

scholarly journals "Doctor Knows Best"

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Mirek Popowicz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Based Medicine

We often consider medical practitioners to be epistemic authorities: “Doctor knows best,” as the saying goes. The place of expert judgment in evidence-based medicine hierarchies, and the crucial role of patient preferences and values in medical decision-making, however, pose problems for making sense of such authority. I argue that there is an account of such medical epistemic authority that does justice to the complexities of the doctor–patient relationship, while maintaining that medical practitioners hold an epistemically privileged position. Such a view can better inform medical practice by clearly illuminating the distinct roles of patients and doctors in decision-making processes.

Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Roche ◽  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
Laura M. Morett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Computer Mouse Tracking ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

“It's Not Humanly Possible to Do Everything”: Perspectives on Intervention Decision-Making Processes of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erinn Finke ◽  
Kathryn Drager ◽  
Elizabeth C. Serpentine
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individualized Education Program ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Interview Methodology ◽  
Communication Interventions

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to understand the decision-making processes used by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) related to communication-based interventions. Method Qualitative interview methodology was used. Data were gathered through interviews. Each parent had a child with ASD who was at least four-years-old; lived with their child with ASD; had a child with ASD without functional speech for communication; and used at least two different communication interventions. Results Parents considered several sources of information for learning about interventions and provided various reasons to initiate and discontinue a communication intervention. Parents also discussed challenges introduced once opinions of the school individualized education program (IEP) team had to be considered. Conclusions Parents of children with ASD primarily use individual decision-making processes to select interventions. This discrepancy speaks to the need for parents and professionals to share a common “language” about interventions and the decision-making process.

Training rapid decision-making processes required by the dismounted objective force leader

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Christ ◽  
Alvah C. Bittner ◽  
Jared T. Freeman ◽  
Rick Archer ◽  
Gary Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Processes
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