Measurement of the average energy of the proton beam from the Dubna synchrocyclotron by the double reflection method by using Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation

Production of pions through the intermediate state called fireballs has been considered to study the energy distribution of pions in the fireball-rest system. Nikfi-R-type photoemulsion plates exposed to the 70-GeV proton beam of the Surpukhov Accelerator, Dubna, USSR, are used for this purpose. A graphical representation of the distribution of energies among the pions is shown. It is observed that this distribution closely resembles Planck's distribution of photons. Furthermore, this study reveals that the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution deviates greatly from experimental observations. The average energy of the pions is found to be (0.770 ± 0.03) GeV.

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Improvement of proton beam quality by an optimized dragging field generated by the ultraintense laser interactions with a complex double-layer target

Laser and Particle Beams ◽

10.1017/s0263034616000471 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 562-566 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. J. Wu ◽

L. Q. Shan ◽

W. M. Zhou ◽

T. Duan ◽

Y. L. Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Proton Beam ◽

Double Layer ◽

Beam Quality ◽

Average Energy ◽

Thin Foil ◽

Pure Hydrogen ◽

Carbon Ions ◽

One Dimensional ◽

Particle In Cell ◽

Underdense Plasma

AbstractA scheme for the improvement of proton beam quality by the optimized dragging field from the interaction of ultraintense laser pulse with a complex double-layer target is proposed and demonstrated by one-dimensional particle-in-cell (Opic1D) simulations. The complex double-layer target consists of an overdense proton thin foil followed by a mixed hydrocarbon (CH) underdense plasma. Because of the existence of carbon ions, the dragging field in the mixed CH underdense plasma becomes stronger and flatter in the location of the proton beam than that in a pure hydrogen (H) underdense plasma. The optimized dragging field can keep trapping and accelerating protons in the mixed CH underdense target to high quality. Consequently, the energy spread of the proton beam in the mixed CH underdense plasma can be greatly reduced down to 2.6% and average energy of protons can reach to 9 GeV with circularly polarized lasers at intensities 2.74 × 1022 W/cm2.

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A simple method (double reflection method) for measuring the average proton energy by Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation

Nuclear Instruments and Methods ◽

10.1016/0029-554x(74)90246-8 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 115 (2) ◽

pp. 457-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

V.P. Zrelov

Keyword(s):

Proton Energy ◽

Cherenkov Radiation ◽

Reflection Method ◽

Simple Method

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Comments on the value of the average energy expended per ion pair formed in air for a proton beam recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine

Medical Physics ◽

10.1118/1.596195 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 778-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Y. Hayakawa ◽

H. Schechtman

Keyword(s):

Proton Beam ◽

American Association ◽

Average Energy ◽

Ion Pair

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Stopping-power determination for compound by EELS

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100172474 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 948-949 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David C. Joy ◽

Suichu Luo ◽

John R. Dunlap ◽

Dick Williams ◽

Siqi Cao

Keyword(s):

Energy Loss ◽

Electron Energy ◽

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽

Materials Science ◽

Average Energy ◽

Stopping Power ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Power Calculation ◽

Coulomb Collisions ◽

Electron Energy Loss

In Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science, Biology and Medicine, it is very important to have accurate information about the stopping power of various media for electrons, that is the average energy loss per unit pathlength due to inelastic Coulomb collisions with atomic electrons of the specimen along their trajectories. Techniques such as photoemission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy have been used in the measurements of electron-solid interaction. In this paper we present a comprehensive technique which combines experimental and theoretical work to determine the electron stopping power for various materials by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS ). As an example, we measured stopping power for Si, C, and their compound SiC. The method, results and discussion are described briefly as below.The stopping power calculation is based on the modified Bethe formula at low energy:where Neff and Ieff are the effective values of the mean ionization potential, and the number of electrons participating in the process respectively. Neff and Ieff can be obtained from the sum rule relations as we discussed before3 using the energy loss function Im(−1/ε).

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{10} edge dislocations in YSZ films grown on (100)MgO by PLD

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100170384 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 530-531

Author(s):

Jason R. Heffelfinger ◽

C. Barry Carter

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Semiconductor Lasers ◽

Vapor Deposition ◽

Substrate Surface ◽

Laser System ◽

Average Energy ◽

Target Material ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

Buffer Layers ◽

Organic Chemical

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is currently used in a variety of applications including oxygen sensors, fuel cells, coatings for semiconductor lasers, and buffer layers for high-temperature superconducting films. Thin films of YSZ have been grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, electrochemical vapor deposition, pulse-laser deposition (PLD), electron-beam evaporation, and sputtering. In this investigation, PLD was used to grow thin films of YSZ on (100) MgO substrates. This system proves to be an interesting example of relationships between interfaces and extrinsic dislocations in thin films of YSZ.In this experiment, a freshly cleaved (100) MgO substrate surface was prepared for deposition by cleaving a lmm-thick slice from a single-crystal MgO cube. The YSZ target material which contained 10mol% yttria was prepared from powders and sintered to 85% of theoretical density. The laser system used for the depositions was a Lambda Physik 210i excimer laser operating with KrF (λ=248nm, 1Hz repetition rate, average energy per pulse of 100mJ).

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