Energy distribution of pions in the nucleon–nucleus interaction at 70 GeV

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-529
Author(s):  
A. C. Saha ◽  
M. M. Samanta ◽  
D. K. Pal ◽  
R. N. Nandy ◽  
B. K. Bandopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Proton Beam ◽  
Intermediate State ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Boltzmann Distribution ◽  
Rest System ◽  
Nucleus Interaction

Production of pions through the intermediate state called fireballs has been considered to study the energy distribution of pions in the fireball-rest system. Nikfi-R-type photoemulsion plates exposed to the 70-GeV proton beam of the Surpukhov Accelerator, Dubna, USSR, are used for this purpose. A graphical representation of the distribution of energies among the pions is shown. It is observed that this distribution closely resembles Planck's distribution of photons. Furthermore, this study reveals that the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution deviates greatly from experimental observations. The average energy of the pions is found to be (0.770 ± 0.03) GeV.

Laser Investigations of the Dynamics of Molecule-Surface Interaction

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hager ◽  
H. Walther
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Velocity Distribution ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Boltzmann Distribution ◽  
Rotational Energy ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Measured Velocity ◽  
Small Influence ◽  
Molecule Surface

ABSTRACTThe internal energy distribution of NO molecules scattered from different solid surfaces (Pt(111), graphite, and Pt(111) covered with various adlayers) was investigated by the laser-induced fluorescence method. In the case of the NO/graphite system, moreover, the velocity distribution of the scattered molecules could be measured in a time-offlight experiment. The rotational energy distribution, which can always be described as a Boltzmann distribution, exhibits only partial accommodation to the surface temperature for all surfaces investigated. The measurements of the velocity of the NO molecules scattered from the graphite surface show only a small influence of the surface temperature on the average velocity and on the velocity distribution. Furthermore, the measured velocity distribution is independent of the final rotational state of the scattered molecules. On the basis of these results, a rather complete description of the behavior of the NO molecules during the scattering process can be presented.

scholarly journals Improvement of proton beam quality by an optimized dragging field generated by the ultraintense laser interactions with a complex double-layer target

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Wu ◽  
L. Q. Shan ◽  
W. M. Zhou ◽  
T. Duan ◽  
Y. L. Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proton Beam ◽  
Double Layer ◽  
Beam Quality ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Carbon Ions ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Particle In Cell ◽  
Underdense Plasma

AbstractA scheme for the improvement of proton beam quality by the optimized dragging field from the interaction of ultraintense laser pulse with a complex double-layer target is proposed and demonstrated by one-dimensional particle-in-cell (Opic1D) simulations. The complex double-layer target consists of an overdense proton thin foil followed by a mixed hydrocarbon (CH) underdense plasma. Because of the existence of carbon ions, the dragging field in the mixed CH underdense plasma becomes stronger and flatter in the location of the proton beam than that in a pure hydrogen (H) underdense plasma. The optimized dragging field can keep trapping and accelerating protons in the mixed CH underdense target to high quality. Consequently, the energy spread of the proton beam in the mixed CH underdense plasma can be greatly reduced down to 2.6% and average energy of protons can reach to 9 GeV with circularly polarized lasers at intensities 2.74 × 1022 W/cm2.

Dependence of the Population on the Temperature in the Boltzmann Distribution: A Simple Relation Involving the Average Energy

2013 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1639-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celestino Angeli ◽  
Renzo Cimiraglia ◽  
Federico Dallo ◽  
Riccardo Guareschi ◽  
Lorenzo Tenti
Keyword(s):  
Average Energy ◽  
Boltzmann Distribution ◽  
Simple Relation

scholarly journals Analytical Results Connecting Stellar Structure Parameters and Extended Reaction Rates

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Hans J. Haubold ◽  
Dilip Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
Boltzmann Distribution ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Neutrino Emission ◽  
Stellar Structure ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
New Energy

Possible modification in the velocity distribution in the nonresonant reaction rates leads to an extended reaction rate probability integral. The closed form representation for these thermonuclear functions is used to obtain the stellar luminosity and neutrino emission rates. The composite parameter 𝒞 that determines the standard nuclear reaction rate through the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution is extended to 𝒞* by the extended reaction rates through a more general distribution than the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The new distribution is obtained by the pathway model introduced by Mathai (2005). Simple analytic models considered by various authors are utilized for evaluating stellar luminosity and neutrino emission rates and are obtained in generalized special functions such as Meijer's G-function and Fox's H-function. The standard and extended nonresonant thermonuclear functions are compared by plotting them. Behaviour of the new energy distribution, which is more general than the Maxwell-Boltzmann, is also studied.

Energy distribution in quantized mesoscopic RLC electric circuit

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (24) ◽  
pp. 1650321
Author(s):  
Wei-Feng Wu ◽  
Hong-Yi Fan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Quantum Information Processing ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
Vacuum State ◽  
Energy Calculation ◽  
Stable Case ◽  
Quantum Statistical ◽  
Thermo Vacuum State

Quantum information processing experimentally depends on optical-electronic devices. In this paper, we consider quantized mesoscopic RLC (resistance, inductance and capacitance) electric circuit in stable case as a quantum statistical ensemble, and calculate energy distribution (i.e. the energy stored in inductance and capacitance as well as the energy consumed on the resistance). For this aim, we employ the technique of integration within ordered product (IWOP) of operator to derive the thermo-vacuum state for this mesoscopic system, with which ensemble average energy calculation is replaced by evaluating expected value in pure state. This approach is concise and the result we deduced is physically appealling.

scholarly journals Control of energy distribution of the proton beam with an oblique incidence of the laser pulse

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 033111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshimasa Morita ◽  
Sergei V. Bulanov ◽  
Timur Zh. Esirkepov ◽  
James Koga ◽  
Mitsuru Yamagiwa
Keyword(s):  
Laser Pulse ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Proton Beam ◽  
Oblique Incidence

Photoneutron sources spectra calculation

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Nikolaj N. Moiseev ◽  
Evgenij M. Kruglov ◽  
Andrej V. Didyk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Neutron Sources ◽  
Distribution Shape ◽  
Calculation Results

The issues of increasing the accuracy of determining the average energy and the type of energy distribution (shape of the spectrum) of neutrons from Sb-Be- and Ra-Be-sources are considered. The indicated photoneutron sources are used to calibrate the energy scales of neutron spectrometers and to determine the energy dependence of the sensitivity of radiometers and neutron dosimeters. A method is proposed for calculating the energy spectra of radionuclide neutron sources of the Sb-Be (γ, n) and Ra-Be (γ, n) types, and the calculation results are presented. The dependence of the spectrum of the source on its design is investigated. The correctness of the results of calculating the energy spectra of radionuclide sources has been confirmed experimentally. The data obtained will be used to determine the energy dependence of the sensitivity of neutron spectrometers, radiometers and dosimeters.

A theoretical analysis of recirculation in pulp refiners

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. KEREKES
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Constant Flow ◽  
Average Energy Expenditure

Expressions have been developed to describe the influence of recirculation on the energy distribution on pulp in refiners. It was shown that for constant pulp flow to downstream operations, the average energy expenditure on pulp does not change with recirculation, but the energy expended on components of the pulp flow varies widely. In the case of reduced fiber flow, the recirculation to maintain constant flow and the power to maintain constant average specific energy produces a change in both the energy distribution on pulp and refining intensity. The implications of these findings to pulp refining are discussed in this work.

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