Effects of soil water content and bulk density on the compactibility and soil penetration resistance of some Western Australian sandy soils

Quantitative models to predict the effects of soil compaction on wheat yields are being developed for the northern sandplains of Western Australia. An understanding of the relationships between soil water content (W), bulk density (p), compactibility and soil penetration resistance (P) is required. Thirteen subsoils from W.A. sandplain soils were tested for compactibility. As the amounts of very coarse sand or clay in the soil increased, the maximum density (�max.) achieved with a standard compactive effort also increased, while the critical soil water content (Wcrit,.) for maximum compactibility declined. The effects of p and W on P were investigated for five of the soils. The value of P was only slightly affected as W was reduced to less than 70% of the field capacity water content. As the soils were dried further, P increased exponentially. At all water contents, an increase in p was found to markedly increase P. Particle size distribution could be used to predict �max. and Wcrit., but could not be related to the effects of changes in p and W on P. The implications for the measurement and effects of soil compaction in the field are discussed.

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Penetration resistance in a latosol under different moisture and penetration speeds

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/s0034-737x2013000500016 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 60 (5) ◽

pp. 715-721 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Walter Francisco Molina Jr ◽

Sônia Maria Stefano Piedade ◽

Juarez Rennó Amaral

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Density Variation ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Cone Index

The soil penetration resistance has been used to represent the compaction situation and several authors have attempted to relate the cone index (CI) with the bulk density. The importance of using the CI as source of information for decisions in agricultural activities, livestock and forestry manner, has become increasingly larger, which requires more knowledge about the penetrometers and penetrographs behavior. This study aimed to verify, in controlled laboratory conditions, the influence of soil water content and cone penetration rate to obtain the cone index, when density variation occurs. The soil was compacted by compression through a universal press cylinder which was specially designed to produce the test specimens. Bulk densities were determined from samples taken from the test specimens and their moisture content. The CI values obtained were between 0.258 and 4.776 MPa, measured in 4 moistures and 7 soil densities with 3 penetration speeds. It was concluded that the determination of IC is strongly influenced by the soil moisture but the penetration speed variation, used in this study, was not sufficient to influence the IC determination. However, the decrease in soil water content may increase the sensitiveness to detect a variation in bulk density by the use of cone index.

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Soil physico-hydraulic properties under organic conilon coffee intercropped with tree and fruit species

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2017000700008 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (7) ◽

pp. 539-547 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gustavo Soares de Souza ◽

Danielle Inácio Alves ◽

Maurício Lima Dan ◽

Julião Soares de Souza Lima ◽

Abner Luiz Castelão Campos da Fonseca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Hydraulic Properties ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Native Forest ◽

Organic System ◽

Peach Palm ◽

Fruit Species

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the cultivation effects of organic conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) intercropped with tree and fruit species on soil physico-hydraulic properties. Conilon coffee managements in the organic system were: T1, full-sun monoculture; T2, T3, T4, and T5, intercropping with peach palm (Bactris gasipae), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), banana (Musa sp.), and inga (Inga edulis), respectively; and T6, an area of secondary native forest used as a control. The evaluated soil physico-hydraulic properties were: bulk density, porosity, plant-available water capacity, soil-penetration resistance, soil-water content, soil temperature, and least limiting water range. Conilon coffee intercropped with peach palm and gliricidia resulted in lower soil bulk density and penetration resistance, and in higher total porosity, microporosity, and soil-water content. Organic coffee shaded with peach palm and gliricidia improve the soil physico-hydraulic quality, in comparison with the soil under monoculture in full sun and with the soil of secondary native forest.

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Modeling and correction of soil penetration resistance for varying soil water content

Geoderma ◽

10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.07.016 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 166 (1) ◽

pp. 92-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Carlos M.P. Vaz ◽

Juliana M. Manieri ◽

Isabella C. de Maria ◽

Markus Tuller

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance

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Spatiotemporal variability of soil penetration resistance in a field cultivated with sugarcane under conventional tillage system in northeast Brazil

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-5718 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Brivaldo Gomes de Almeida ◽

Ceres Duarte Guedes Cabral de Almeida ◽

Thaís Fernandes de Assunção ◽

Bruno Campos Mantovanelli ◽

José Coelho de Araújo Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Critical Value ◽

Spatiotemporal Variability ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Tillage System

Soil management, although intended to create favorable structural conditions for crop growth and development, without prior assessment of potential and limitations, has been one of the reasons for the degradation of natural resources. The effects on soil degradation and respective structural quality are generally evaluated by some physical soil attributes such as bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP) and soil penetration resistance (PR). The PR is recognized as a physical parameter that supports the identification of areas with different stages of compaction and thus can be used to define appropriate management for soil remediation. Besides, this parameter depends on intrinsic soil factors (texture, structure, and mineralogy) and soil water content (SWC). Therefore, PR increases with BD and decreases with SWC (gravimetric or volumetric). Thus, it is possible to establish the critical limit of PR (PRCL) associated with the value of SWC that limits the growth of plant roots. PRCL varies according to soil type and plant species, but 2.0 MPa is the value scientifically accepted as the critical value to limit the root growth. Thus, the paper aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of PR in a field cultivated with sugarcane, under the conventional tillage system. The research was carried out in the Carpina Sugarcane Experimental Station, Pernambuco, Brazil. A grid of 70 x 70 m was delineated at intervals of 10 m and in each point soil samples were collected in the layers 0 - 0.30 m and 0.30 - 0.60 m depth. Three samplings were done to determine gravimetric soil water content; the first after six months of subsoiling (Time 6) before harrowing and planting, the second after 12 months of subsoiling (Time 12, six months after harrowing and planting) and the last after 18 months of subsoiling, before harvesting (Time 18). In each sampling time, in situ PR tests were carried out with the Solo Track equipment (Falker&#174; - Model PLG 5300) and the simultaneous values of gravimetric soil water content were determined and associated with the PR data. The results showed that soil water content had a weak degree of spatial dependence, indicating the need to increase the number of samples. On the other hand, the PR values showed that the subsoiling did not promote a positive effect on the soil physical quality, with values above the PRCL for root development in Time 6 (2.42 MPa), even if after one year the sugarcane root system acted positively, by reducing PR in Time 18 (1.04 MPa) below the critical value.

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Soil penetration resistance in a rhodic eutrudox affected by machinery traffic and soil water content

Engenharia Agrícola ◽

10.1590/s0100-69162013000400014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 748-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Moacir T. de Moraes ◽

Henrique Debiasi ◽

Julio C. Franchini ◽

Vanderlei R. da Silva

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Front Axle ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance

Soil compaction caused by machinery traffic reduces crop yields. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intensive traffic, and the soil water content, on the soil penetration resistance (PR) of a Rhodic Eutrudox (Distroferric Red Latosol, Brazilian Classification), managed under no-tillage (NT). The experiment consisted of six treatments: NT with recent chiseling, NT without additional compaction, and NT with additional compaction by 4, 8, 10 and 20 passes of a harvester with a weight of 100 kN (70 kN on the front axle). Undisturbed soil samples were collected at 5.5-10.5 cm and 13.5-18.5 cm depth to quantify the soil bulk density (BD). The PR was assessed in four periods, using an impact penetrometer, inserted in the soil to a depth of 46 cm. The effect of traffic intensities on the PR was small when this variable was assessed with the soil in the plastic consistency. Differences in PR among treatments increased as the soil water content decreased. The increase in the values of PR and BD was higher in the first passes, but the increase in the number of traffics resulted in deeper soil compaction. The machinery traffic effects on PR are better characterized in the friable soil consistency.

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Correction of resistance to penetration by pedofunctions and a reference soil water content

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832012000600004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1704-1713 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes ◽

Henrique Debiasi ◽

Julio Cezar Franchini ◽

Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Pedotransfer Functions ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance

The soil penetration resistance is an important indicator of soil compaction and is strongly influenced by soil water content. The objective of this study was to develop mathematical models to normalize soil penetration resistance (SPR), using a reference value of gravimetric soil water content (U). For this purpose, SPR was determined with an impact penetrometer, in an experiment on a Dystroferric Red Latossol (Rhodic Eutrudox), at six levels of soil compaction, induced by mechanical chiseling and additional compaction by the traffic of a harvester (four, eight, 10, and 20 passes); in addition to a control treatment under no-tillage, without chiseling or additional compaction. To broaden the range of U values, SPR was evaluated in different periods. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled to quantify the soil bulk density (BD). Pedotransfer functions were generated correlating the values of U and BD to the SPR values. By these functions, the SPR was adequately corrected for all U and BD data ranges. The method requires only SPR and U as input variables in the models. However, different pedofunctions are needed according to the soil layer evaluated. After adjusting the pedotransfer functions, the differences in the soil compaction levels among the treatments, previously masked by variations of U, became detectable.

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Impact of soil compaction on water content in sandy loam soil under sunflower

Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics ◽

10.2478/johh-2018-0036 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 416-420 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Viliam Nagy ◽

Peter Šurda ◽

Ľubomír Lichner ◽

Attila J. Kovács ◽

Gábor Milics

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Water Storage ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Water Storage ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Loam Soil

Abstract Soil compaction causes important physical modifications at the subsurface soil, especially from 10 to 30 cm depths. Compaction leads to a decrease in infiltration rates, in saturated hydraulic conductivity, and in porosity, as well as causes an increase in soil bulk density. However, compaction is considered to be a frequent negative consequence of applied agricultural management practices in Slovakia. Detailed determination of soil compaction and the investigation of a compaction impact on water content, water penetration depth and potential change in water storage in sandy loam soil under sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was carried out at 3 plots (K1, K2 and K3) within an experimental site (field) K near Kalinkovo village (southwest Slovakia). Plot K1 was situated on the edge of the field, where heavy agricultural equipment was turning. Plot K2 represented the ridge (the crop row), and plot K3 the furrow (the inter–row area of the field). Soil penetration resistance and bulk density of undisturbed soil samples was determined together with the infiltration experiments taken at all defined plots. The vertical bulk density distribution was similar to the vertical soil penetration resistance distribution, i.e., the highest values of bulk density and soil penetration resistance were estimated at the plot K1 in 15–20 cm depths, and the lowest values at the plot K2. Application of 50 mm of water resulted in the penetration depth of 30 cm only at all 3 plots. Soil water storage measured at the plot K2 (in the ridge) was higher than the soil water storage measured at the plot K3 (in the furrow), and 4.2 times higher than the soil water storage measured at the most compacted plot K1 on the edge of the field. Results of the experiments indicate the sequence in the thickness of compacted soil layers at studied plots in order (from the least to highest compacted ones): K2–K3–K1.

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Tahanan Penetrasi Tanah Terhadap Penekanan Plat Dengan Sudut Penekanan dan Ukuran Plat yang Berbeda di Sawah

Talenta Conference Series Agricultural and Natural Resources (ANR) ◽

10.32734/anr.v1i2.244 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 238-243

Author(s):

Taufik Rizaldi ◽

Sumono Sumono

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Rice Field ◽

Compressive Force ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Plate Size ◽

Measuring Plate

Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Lubuk Bayas Kecapamatan Perbaungan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai pada lahan sawah bertekstur lempung berpasir dengan kadar air 49.17% dan dry bulk density 1.26 g/cm3. Tahanan penetrasi tanah ditentukan melalui pengukuran tahanan penetrasi plat dengan menggunakan penetrometer secara langsung di sawah. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan ukuran plat 5x5 cm2, 5x10 cm2, 5x15 cm2 dan 5x20 cm2. Sudut penekanan 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o, 30o dan kedalaman penekanan 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm dan 20 cm. Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh bahwa semakin besar ukuran plat maka gaya penekanan semakin besar namun tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin kecil. Sedangkan semakin dalam plat masuk ke tanah maka tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin besar. Semakin besar sudut penekanan tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin besar. Untuk ukuran plat, sudut tekan dan kedalaman penekanan plat yang sama pada kedalaman lumpur yang berbeda akan menghasilkan gaya penekanan dan tahanan penetrasi tanah yang berbeda. The study was conducted in Lubuk Bayas Village, Perbaungan Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai District, in paddy fields with sandy clay texture with a water content of 49.17% and dry bulk density of 1.26 g / cm3. Soil penetration resistance iwas determined by measuring plate penetration resistance using a penetrometer directly in the rice field. Measurements were made with a plate size of 5x5 cm2, 5x10 cm2, 5x15 cm2 and 5x20 cm2. The angle of emphasis was 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o, 30o and the depth of emphasis was 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm and 20 cm. Results showed that the larger the plate size found, the greater the compressive force, but the penetration resistance of the soil got smaller. Whereas the deeper the plate entered the ground, the greater the penetration resistance of the soil occurred. The greater the angle of suppression the greater the penetration penetration of the soil. For the plate size, the pressure angle and depth of the same plate compression at different mud depths will result in a different force of suppression and soil penetration resistance.

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