scholarly journals Tahanan Penetrasi Tanah Terhadap Penekanan Plat Dengan Sudut Penekanan dan Ukuran Plat yang Berbeda di Sawah

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243
Author(s):  
Taufik Rizaldi ◽  
Sumono Sumono
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Compressive Force ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Plate Size ◽  
Measuring Plate

Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Lubuk Bayas Kecapamatan Perbaungan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai pada lahan sawah bertekstur lempung berpasir dengan kadar air 49.17% dan dry bulk density 1.26 g/cm3. Tahanan penetrasi tanah ditentukan melalui pengukuran tahanan penetrasi plat dengan menggunakan penetrometer secara langsung di sawah. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan ukuran plat 5x5 cm2, 5x10 cm2, 5x15 cm2 dan 5x20 cm2. Sudut penekanan 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o, 30o dan kedalaman penekanan 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm dan 20 cm. Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh bahwa semakin besar ukuran plat maka gaya penekanan semakin besar namun tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin kecil. Sedangkan semakin dalam plat masuk ke tanah maka tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin besar. Semakin besar sudut penekanan tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin besar. Untuk ukuran plat, sudut tekan dan kedalaman penekanan plat yang sama pada kedalaman lumpur yang berbeda akan menghasilkan gaya penekanan dan tahanan penetrasi tanah yang berbeda. The study was conducted in Lubuk Bayas Village, Perbaungan Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai District, in paddy fields with sandy clay texture with a water content of 49.17% and dry bulk density of 1.26 g / cm3. Soil penetration resistance iwas determined by measuring plate penetration resistance using a penetrometer directly in the rice field. Measurements were made with a plate size of 5x5 cm2, 5x10 cm2, 5x15 cm2 and 5x20 cm2. The angle of emphasis was 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o, 30o and the depth of emphasis was 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm and 20 cm. Results showed that the larger the plate size found, the greater the compressive force, but the penetration resistance of the soil got smaller. Whereas the deeper the plate entered the ground, the greater the penetration resistance of the soil occurred. The greater the angle of suppression the greater the penetration penetration of the soil. For the plate size, the pressure angle and depth of the same plate compression at different mud depths will result in a different force of suppression and soil penetration resistance.

Scaling the Dependency of Soil Penetration Resistance on Water Content and Bulk Density of Different Soils

2013 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 1488-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M. P. Vaz ◽  
Juliana M. Manieri ◽  
Isabella C. de Maria ◽  
Martinus Th. van Genuchten
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Different Soils

The effects of soil water content and bulk density on the compactibility and soil penetration resistance of some Western Australian sandy soils

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Henderson ◽  
A Levett ◽  
D Lisle
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Compactive Effort

Quantitative models to predict the effects of soil compaction on wheat yields are being developed for the northern sandplains of Western Australia. An understanding of the relationships between soil water content (W), bulk density (p), compactibility and soil penetration resistance (P) is required. Thirteen subsoils from W.A. sandplain soils were tested for compactibility. As the amounts of very coarse sand or clay in the soil increased, the maximum density (�max.) achieved with a standard compactive effort also increased, while the critical soil water content (Wcrit,.) for maximum compactibility declined. The effects of p and W on P were investigated for five of the soils. The value of P was only slightly affected as W was reduced to less than 70% of the field capacity water content. As the soils were dried further, P increased exponentially. At all water contents, an increase in p was found to markedly increase P. Particle size distribution could be used to predict �max. and Wcrit., but could not be related to the effects of changes in p and W on P. The implications for the measurement and effects of soil compaction in the field are discussed.

Effects of tractor traffic on soil compaction, water infiltration and soil erosion in tilled and grassed vineyards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Biddoccu ◽  
Giorgio Capello ◽  
Eugenio Cavallo
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Tillage Operation

<p>Soil erosion is affected by rainfall temporal pattern and intensity variability. In vineyards, machines traffic is implemented with particular intensity from late spring to harvest, and it is responsible of soil compaction, that likely affects soil hydraulic properties, runoff, and soil erosion. Additionally, hydraulic and physical properties of soil are highly influenced by vineyards’ inter-rows soil management. The effect of machines traffic on soil compaction, hydrological and erosional processes has been investigated on a sloping vineyards with different inter-row soil managements (tillage and permanent grass cover) in the Alto Monferrato area (Piedmont, NW Italy). During the investigation (November 2016 – October 2018) soil water content, rainfall, runoff, and soil erosion were continuously monitored. Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), soil penetration resistance (PR) and bulk density (BD) were recorded periodically in portions of inter-rows affected and not by the machine traffic. In order to take into account temporal and management variability of soil compaction and hydrological properties, field-monitored data were statistically analysed, in order to identify existing relationships between climate and management variables and soil physical and hydrological variables. Very different yearly precipitation characterized the observed period, leading to higher bulk density and lower infiltration rates were in the wetter year, especially in the tilled vineyard, whereas soil penetration resistance was generally higher in the grassed plot, and in drier conditions. Soil bulk density and penetration resistance in tracked soil of the tilled plot increase, compared to the grassed plot, after only one to three tractor passages following tillage operation, especially in the topsoil (first 10 cm). Soil compaction affects water infiltration, especially in the wet year. In the tilled vineyard, one tractor passage on wet soil after tillage operation dramatically reduced Kfs from over 1000 to near 1 mm h<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>, while with grass cover Kfs remained above the usual rain-intensity values, allowing water to infiltrate the soil. By means of linear and multilinear regression, significant relationships have been found to relate hydraulic conductivity and soil penetration resistance with soil water content, weather variables and a factor that takes into account the number of tractor passages and the elapsed time from last soil disturbance. Lastly, runoff and soil erosion were higher in the tilled plot, even if lower than the long-period average values. Indeed, in the wet year, management with grass cover reduced considerably runoff (-76%) and soil loss (-83%) compared to tillage and, in the dry season.</p>

scholarly journals Data Grouping Method for the Purpose of Forecasting the Mechanical Strength of Plastic Soils

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 578
Author(s):  
Dariusz Błażejczak ◽  
Jan Jurga ◽  
Jarosław Pytka
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Data Grouping

The aim of this work was to develop a method of data grouping (DGM) that enables the selection of regression equations for forecasting soil penetration resistance based on an easily available and small set of input data: soil moisture content, soil bulk density and the grain size distribution of the soil. Models for forecasting the penetration resistance were created by selecting regression equations for specific intervals of granulometric variability of soil fractions. A field measurements campaign was conducted and soil samples were taken from the subsoil on 43 profiles, at depths of 25–30, 35–40, 45–50 and 55–60 cm. It was found that the dry bulk density is much less useful for predicting the penetration resistance of plastic soils than soil moisture. The study also showed that it is possible to forecast the soil penetration resistance on the basis of the gravimetric moisture content and the soil specific surface.

scholarly journals Penetration resistance in a latosol under different moisture and penetration speeds

Revista CERES ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Francisco Molina Jr ◽  
Sônia Maria Stefano Piedade ◽  
Juarez Rennó Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Cone Index

The soil penetration resistance has been used to represent the compaction situation and several authors have attempted to relate the cone index (CI) with the bulk density. The importance of using the CI as source of information for decisions in agricultural activities, livestock and forestry manner, has become increasingly larger, which requires more knowledge about the penetrometers and penetrographs behavior. This study aimed to verify, in controlled laboratory conditions, the influence of soil water content and cone penetration rate to obtain the cone index, when density variation occurs. The soil was compacted by compression through a universal press cylinder which was specially designed to produce the test specimens. Bulk densities were determined from samples taken from the test specimens and their moisture content. The CI values obtained were between 0.258 and 4.776 MPa, measured in 4 moistures and 7 soil densities with 3 penetration speeds. It was concluded that the determination of IC is strongly influenced by the soil moisture but the penetration speed variation, used in this study, was not sufficient to influence the IC determination. However, the decrease in soil water content may increase the sensitiveness to detect a variation in bulk density by the use of cone index.

scholarly journals PENENTUAN PARAMETER DESAIN RODA BESI BERSIRIP MELALUI PENGUKURAN TAHANAN PENETRASI TANAH DI SAWAH (Determining Parameters of Lug Wheels Design by Measurement of Soil Penetration Resistance in Paddy Field)

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (04) ◽  
pp. 473
Author(s):  
Taufik Rizaldi ◽  
Wawan Hermawan ◽  
Tineke Mandang ◽  
Setyo Pertiwi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Plate Size

The objective of this study was to predict the design parameters of lugged wheel that fit through the soil penetration resistance measurement directly in paddy fields. Location of the study was on paddy fields in the village Situ Gede Bogor, West Java. Penetrometer with a plate size of 5 cm x 20 cm is used to press the soil to a depth of 20 cm with inclination press angle of 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o and 30o. Data were analyzed by linear regression method to obtain the relationship between the pressure force and depth presseure for each different inclination of pressure angle. By using the equation of force generated by active lug wheels were touching the soil and the resulting linear regression equation to predict the lugged wheel design for two-wheeled tractor (Yanmar TF85 MLY-in). Tractor assumed to be operating at 15 cm sinkage so that the selected design is a design in which the resulting reaction force able to resist the load supplied by the tractor and implement and used the most minimum construction materials. The results of the calculations recommended number of lugs 12, 45o angle of lugs, width of lugs 10 cm, length of lugs 35 cm, outer diameter wheels 84 cm is the lugged wheel design optimum.Keywords: Lug wheels, force reaction, penetrometer, parameter design ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memprediksi parameter desain roda besi bersirip yang sesuai melalui pengukuran tahanan penetrasi tanah secara langsung di lahan sawah. Lokasi penelitian berada pada lahan sawah di Desa Situ Gede Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penetrometer dengan ukuran plat 5 cm x 20 cm digunakan untuk menekan tanah sampai kedalaman20 cm dengan kemiringan sudut tekan 90o, 75o, 60o, 45odan 30. Data dianalisis dengan metode regresi linier untuk memperoleh hubungan antara gaya penekanan dan kedalaman penekanan untuk tiap sudut penekanan yang berbeda. Dengan menggunakan persamaan gaya yang dihasilkan oleh sirip aktif roda yang menyentuh tanah dan persamaanregresi linier yang dihasilkan maka dapat diprediksi desain roda besi bersirip untuk traktor roda dua (yanmar TF85 MLY-di). Traktor diasumsikan beroperasi pada sinkage 15 cm sehingga desain yang dipilih adalah desain di mana gaya reaksi yang dihasilkan mampu mengatasi beban yang diberikan oleh traktor dan implemen serta penggunaan bahankonstruksi yang paling minimum. Hasil perhitungan merekomendasikan jumlah sirip 12, sudut sirip 45o, lebar sirip 10 cm, panjang sirip 35 cm, diameter luar roda 84 cm adalah desain roda besi bersirip yang optimum. Kata kunci: Roda besi bersirip, gaya reaksi, penetrometer, parameter desain

scholarly journals Impact of soil compaction on water content in sandy loam soil under sunflower

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viliam Nagy ◽  
Peter Šurda ◽  
Ľubomír Lichner ◽  
Attila J. Kovács ◽  
Gábor Milics
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Loam Soil

Abstract Soil compaction causes important physical modifications at the subsurface soil, especially from 10 to 30 cm depths. Compaction leads to a decrease in infiltration rates, in saturated hydraulic conductivity, and in porosity, as well as causes an increase in soil bulk density. However, compaction is considered to be a frequent negative consequence of applied agricultural management practices in Slovakia. Detailed determination of soil compaction and the investigation of a compaction impact on water content, water penetration depth and potential change in water storage in sandy loam soil under sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was carried out at 3 plots (K1, K2 and K3) within an experimental site (field) K near Kalinkovo village (southwest Slovakia). Plot K1 was situated on the edge of the field, where heavy agricultural equipment was turning. Plot K2 represented the ridge (the crop row), and plot K3 the furrow (the inter–row area of the field). Soil penetration resistance and bulk density of undisturbed soil samples was determined together with the infiltration experiments taken at all defined plots. The vertical bulk density distribution was similar to the vertical soil penetration resistance distribution, i.e., the highest values of bulk density and soil penetration resistance were estimated at the plot K1 in 15–20 cm depths, and the lowest values at the plot K2. Application of 50 mm of water resulted in the penetration depth of 30 cm only at all 3 plots. Soil water storage measured at the plot K2 (in the ridge) was higher than the soil water storage measured at the plot K3 (in the furrow), and 4.2 times higher than the soil water storage measured at the most compacted plot K1 on the edge of the field. Results of the experiments indicate the sequence in the thickness of compacted soil layers at studied plots in order (from the least to highest compacted ones): K2–K3–K1.

Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Halde ◽  
A. M. Hammermeister ◽  
N. L. Mclean ◽  
K. T. Webb ◽  
R. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Intensive Treatment ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Grazing System

Halde, C., Hammermeister, A. M., McLean, N. L., Webb, K. T. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 957–964. In Atlantic Canada, data are limited regarding the effect of grazing systems on soil compaction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of intensive and extensive rotational pasture management treatments on soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, forage productivity and litter accumulation. The study was conducted on a fine sandy loam pasture in Truro, Nova Scotia. Each of the eight paddocks was divided into three rotational pasture management treatments: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive. Mowing and clipping were more frequent in the intensive than in the semi-intensive treatment. In the extensive treatment, by virtue of grazing in alternate rotations, the rest period was doubled than that of the intensive and semi-intensive treatments. Both soil bulk density (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–25.5 cm) were significantly higher in the intensive treatment than in the extensive treatment, for all seasons. Over winter, bulk density decreased significantly by 6.8 and 3.8% at 0–5 and 5–10 cm, respectively. A decrease ranging between 40.5 and 4.0% was observed for soil penetration resistance over winter, at 0–1.5 cm and 24.0–25.5 cm, respectively. The intensive and semi-intensive treatments produced significantly more available forage for grazers annually than the extensive treatment. Forage yields in late May to early June were negatively correlated with spring bulk density.

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