scholarly journals Soil penetration resistance in a rhodic eutrudox affected by machinery traffic and soil water content

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moacir T. de Moraes ◽  
Henrique Debiasi ◽  
Julio C. Franchini ◽  
Vanderlei R. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Front Axle ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

Soil compaction caused by machinery traffic reduces crop yields. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intensive traffic, and the soil water content, on the soil penetration resistance (PR) of a Rhodic Eutrudox (Distroferric Red Latosol, Brazilian Classification), managed under no-tillage (NT). The experiment consisted of six treatments: NT with recent chiseling, NT without additional compaction, and NT with additional compaction by 4, 8, 10 and 20 passes of a harvester with a weight of 100 kN (70 kN on the front axle). Undisturbed soil samples were collected at 5.5-10.5 cm and 13.5-18.5 cm depth to quantify the soil bulk density (BD). The PR was assessed in four periods, using an impact penetrometer, inserted in the soil to a depth of 46 cm. The effect of traffic intensities on the PR was small when this variable was assessed with the soil in the plastic consistency. Differences in PR among treatments increased as the soil water content decreased. The increase in the values of PR and BD was higher in the first passes, but the increase in the number of traffics resulted in deeper soil compaction. The machinery traffic effects on PR are better characterized in the friable soil consistency.

scholarly journals Correction of resistance to penetration by pedofunctions and a reference soil water content

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1704-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes ◽  
Henrique Debiasi ◽  
Julio Cezar Franchini ◽  
Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

The soil penetration resistance is an important indicator of soil compaction and is strongly influenced by soil water content. The objective of this study was to develop mathematical models to normalize soil penetration resistance (SPR), using a reference value of gravimetric soil water content (U). For this purpose, SPR was determined with an impact penetrometer, in an experiment on a Dystroferric Red Latossol (Rhodic Eutrudox), at six levels of soil compaction, induced by mechanical chiseling and additional compaction by the traffic of a harvester (four, eight, 10, and 20 passes); in addition to a control treatment under no-tillage, without chiseling or additional compaction. To broaden the range of U values, SPR was evaluated in different periods. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled to quantify the soil bulk density (BD). Pedotransfer functions were generated correlating the values of U and BD to the SPR values. By these functions, the SPR was adequately corrected for all U and BD data ranges. The method requires only SPR and U as input variables in the models. However, different pedofunctions are needed according to the soil layer evaluated. After adjusting the pedotransfer functions, the differences in the soil compaction levels among the treatments, previously masked by variations of U, became detectable.

The effects of soil water content and bulk density on the compactibility and soil penetration resistance of some Western Australian sandy soils

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Henderson ◽  
A Levett ◽  
D Lisle
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Compactive Effort

Quantitative models to predict the effects of soil compaction on wheat yields are being developed for the northern sandplains of Western Australia. An understanding of the relationships between soil water content (W), bulk density (p), compactibility and soil penetration resistance (P) is required. Thirteen subsoils from W.A. sandplain soils were tested for compactibility. As the amounts of very coarse sand or clay in the soil increased, the maximum density (�max.) achieved with a standard compactive effort also increased, while the critical soil water content (Wcrit,.) for maximum compactibility declined. The effects of p and W on P were investigated for five of the soils. The value of P was only slightly affected as W was reduced to less than 70% of the field capacity water content. As the soils were dried further, P increased exponentially. At all water contents, an increase in p was found to markedly increase P. Particle size distribution could be used to predict �max. and Wcrit., but could not be related to the effects of changes in p and W on P. The implications for the measurement and effects of soil compaction in the field are discussed.

Modeling and correction of soil penetration resistance for varying soil water content

Geoderma ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M.P. Vaz ◽  
Juliana M. Manieri ◽  
Isabella C. de Maria ◽  
Markus Tuller
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

Influence of streambank fencing and river access for cattle on riparian zone soils adjacent to the Lower Little Bow River in southern Alberta, Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
T. Curtis ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk ◽  
W. D. Willms
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Riparian Zone ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Soil Test P

Miller, J. J., Curtis, T., Chanasyk, D. S. and Willms, W. D. 2014. Influence of streambank fencing and river access for cattle on riparian zone soils adjacent to the Lower Little Bow River in southern Alberta, Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 209–222. Cattle grazing in riparian pastures adjacent to rivers may increase soil compaction and increase soil nutrients, such as N and P. We conducted a 4-yr study with sampling in 3 yr (2009, 2010, 2012) of riparian zone soils adjacent to fenced and unfenced reaches of the Lower Little Bow River in southern Alberta. We examined the effect of grazing, access of cattle to the river (access versus no-access), and distance (0.25, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 m) from the river on surface soil bulk density, volumetric water content, NH4-N, NO3, and soil test P. Penetration depth was also measured in 2012. The three grazing treatments consisted of one fenced reach (ungrazed treatment), one unfenced and grazed reach with high cattle impact (high-impact grazed treatment), and one unfenced and grazed reach with low cattle impact (low-impact grazed treatment). We hypothesized that soil compaction would be greater, soil nutrients would be enriched, and soil water content would be lower for grazed compared with ungrazed treatments, and that this same trend would occur for access compared with no-access locations. The soil properties in our study were generally significantly (P≤0.05) influenced by grazing, access, and distance from the riverbank. However, treatment effects were generally dependent on two- or three-way interactions with the other factors. Soil bulk density in 2009 and 2012 was 8 to 20% greater at access compared with no-access locations within 2 m of the riverbank, suggesting soil compaction by cattle was confined close to the wetter riverbank soils. Most soil properties generally supported our hypothesis of greater soil compaction and nutrient enrichment for unfenced compared with fenced reaches, as well as for access compared with no-access locations. The exceptions were soil water content and soil test P results that did not support the grazing hypothesis, and soil water content and NH4-N results that did not support the cattle-access hypothesis.

Spatiotemporal variability of soil penetration resistance in a field cultivated with sugarcane under conventional tillage system in northeast Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brivaldo Gomes de Almeida ◽  
Ceres Duarte Guedes Cabral de Almeida ◽  
Thaís Fernandes de Assunção ◽  
Bruno Campos Mantovanelli ◽  
José Coelho de Araújo Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Tillage System

<p>Soil management, although intended to create favorable structural conditions for crop growth and development, without prior assessment of potential and limitations, has been one of the reasons for the degradation of natural resources. The effects on soil degradation and respective structural quality are generally evaluated by some physical soil attributes such as bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP) and soil penetration resistance (PR). The PR is recognized as a physical parameter that supports the identification of areas with different stages of compaction and thus can be used to define appropriate management for soil remediation. Besides, this parameter depends on intrinsic soil factors (texture, structure, and mineralogy) and soil water content (SWC). Therefore, PR increases with BD and decreases with SWC (gravimetric or volumetric). Thus, it is possible to establish the critical limit of PR (PR<sub>CL</sub>) associated with the value of SWC that limits the growth of plant roots. PR<sub>CL</sub> varies according to soil type and plant species, but 2.0 MPa is the value scientifically accepted as the critical value to limit the root growth. Thus, the paper aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of PR in a field cultivated with sugarcane, under the conventional tillage system. The research was carried out in the Carpina Sugarcane Experimental Station, Pernambuco, Brazil. A grid of 70 x 70 m was delineated at intervals of 10 m and in each point soil samples were collected in the layers 0 - 0.30 m and 0.30 - 0.60 m depth. Three samplings were done to determine gravimetric soil water content; the first after six months of subsoiling (Time 6) before harrowing and planting, the second after 12 months of subsoiling (Time 12, six months after harrowing and planting) and the last after 18 months of subsoiling, before harvesting (Time 18). In each sampling time, in situ PR tests were carried out with the Solo Track equipment (Falker® - Model PLG 5300) and the simultaneous values of gravimetric soil water content were determined and associated with the PR data. The results showed that soil water content had a weak degree of spatial dependence, indicating the need to increase the number of samples. On the other hand, the PR values showed that the subsoiling did not promote a positive effect on the soil physical quality, with values above the PR<sub>CL</sub> for root development in Time 6 (2.42 MPa), even if after one year the sugarcane root system acted positively, by reducing PR in Time 18 (1.04 MPa) below the critical value.</p>

scholarly journals Penetration resistance in a latosol under different moisture and penetration speeds

Revista CERES ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Francisco Molina Jr ◽  
Sônia Maria Stefano Piedade ◽  
Juarez Rennó Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Cone Index

The soil penetration resistance has been used to represent the compaction situation and several authors have attempted to relate the cone index (CI) with the bulk density. The importance of using the CI as source of information for decisions in agricultural activities, livestock and forestry manner, has become increasingly larger, which requires more knowledge about the penetrometers and penetrographs behavior. This study aimed to verify, in controlled laboratory conditions, the influence of soil water content and cone penetration rate to obtain the cone index, when density variation occurs. The soil was compacted by compression through a universal press cylinder which was specially designed to produce the test specimens. Bulk densities were determined from samples taken from the test specimens and their moisture content. The CI values obtained were between 0.258 and 4.776 MPa, measured in 4 moistures and 7 soil densities with 3 penetration speeds. It was concluded that the determination of IC is strongly influenced by the soil moisture but the penetration speed variation, used in this study, was not sufficient to influence the IC determination. However, the decrease in soil water content may increase the sensitiveness to detect a variation in bulk density by the use of cone index.

scholarly journals ROOT VOLUME AND DRY MATTER OF PEANUT PLANTS AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL BULK DENSITY AND SOIL WATER STRESS.

Irriga ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Duruoha ◽  
Cassio Roberto Piffer ◽  
Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Root Volume

ROOT VOLUME AND DRY MATTER OF PEANUT PLANTS AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL BULK DENSITY AND SOIL WATER STRESS.  Charles Duruoha1; Cassio Roberto Piffer2; Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva21United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL - U.S.A., [email protected] de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo  1 ABSTRACT Soil compaction may be defined as the pressing of soil to make it denser. Soil compaction makes the soil denser, decreases permeability of gas and water exchange as well as alterations in thermal relations, and increases mechanical strength of the soil. Compacted soil can restrict normal root development. Simulations of the root restricting layers in a greenhouse are necessary to develop a mechanism to alleviate soil compaction problems in these soils. The selection of three distinct bulk densities based on the standard proctor test is also an important factor to determine which bulk density restricts the root layer. This experiment aimed to assess peanut (Arachis hypogea) root volume and root dry matter as a function of bulk density and water stress. Three levels of soil density (1.2, 1.4, and 1.6g cm-3), and two levels of the soil water content (70 and 90% of field capacity) were used. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized design, with four replications in a 3x2 factorial scheme. The result showed that peanut yield generally responded favorably to subsurface compaction in the presence of high mechanical impedance. This clearly indicates the ability of this root to penetrate the hardpan with less stress. Root volume was not affected by increase in soil bulk density and this mechanical impedance increased root volume when roots penetrated the barrier with less energy. Root growth below the compacted layer (hardpan), was impaired by the imposed barrier. This stress made it impossible for roots to grow well even in the presence of optimum soil water content. Generally soil water content of 70% field capacity (P<0.0001) enhanced greater root proliferation. Nonetheless, soil water content of 90% field capacity in some occasions proved better for root growth. Some of the discrepancies observed were that mechanical impedance is not a good indicator for measuring root growth restriction in greenhouse. Future research can be done using more levels of water to determine the lowest soil water level, which can inhibit plant growth. KEY WORDS: Soil compaction; water stress; soil bunk; root volume; root growth  DURUOHA, C.; PIFFER, C. R.; SILVA, P. R. A. MATÉRIA SECA E VOLUME DE RAÍZES DE PLANTAS DE AMENDOIMEM FUNÇÃO DADENSIDADEE DO DÉFICIT DE ÁGUA DO SOLO.  2 RESUMO O conceito de compactação do solo não inclui apenas a redução do solo, mas também no resultante decréscimo em permeabilidade para trocas gasosas e água, assim como alterações em relação térmica e aumento na resistência mecânica do solo.  Um solo compactado pode restringir o desenvolvimento radicular normal da planta. Simulações de camadas de restrição de raízes em casa de vegetação são necessárias para desenvolver mecanismos que reduzam problemas de compactação dos solos. A seleção de três diferentes densidades de solo, baseadas no ensaio de Proctor, é também um fator importante para determinar qual densidade restringe a penetração da raiz. O presente trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o volume e matéria seca radicular em função da densidade do solo e da disponibilidade hídrica em amendoim (Arachis hypogea). Foram utilizados três níveis de densidade do solo (1,2; 1,4 e1,6 gcm-3) e dois níveis de teor de água no solo (70 e 90% da capacidade de campo). Os tratamentos foram inteiramente casualizados com quatro repetições em arranjo fatorial (3 x 2). Os resultados sugerem que a produção de amendoim geralmente responde favoravelmente à compactação subsuperficial, na presença de impedância mecânica elevada. Este resultado claramente indica a habilidade da raiz em penetrar na camada de impedimento com menor densidade. O volume radicular não foi afetado pelo aumento da densidade do solo e esta impedância mecânica aumentou o volume radicular quando as raízes penetraram em barreiras com menor compactação. O crescimento radicular abaixo da camada compactada foi afetado pela barreira imposta. Esta compactação impossibilitou que as raízes crescessem mesmo na presença de teor de água ótimo. O teor de água de 70 % da capacidade de campo (P<0,0001) proporcionou maior proliferação radicular. Foi observado que a impedância mecânica não é um bom indicador para a avaliação da restrição de crescimento radicular no trabalho em casa de vegetação. UNITERMOS: compactação do solo, capacidade de campo e crescimento radicular.

scholarly journals Impact of soil compaction on water content in sandy loam soil under sunflower

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viliam Nagy ◽  
Peter Šurda ◽  
Ľubomír Lichner ◽  
Attila J. Kovács ◽  
Gábor Milics
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Loam Soil

Abstract Soil compaction causes important physical modifications at the subsurface soil, especially from 10 to 30 cm depths. Compaction leads to a decrease in infiltration rates, in saturated hydraulic conductivity, and in porosity, as well as causes an increase in soil bulk density. However, compaction is considered to be a frequent negative consequence of applied agricultural management practices in Slovakia. Detailed determination of soil compaction and the investigation of a compaction impact on water content, water penetration depth and potential change in water storage in sandy loam soil under sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was carried out at 3 plots (K1, K2 and K3) within an experimental site (field) K near Kalinkovo village (southwest Slovakia). Plot K1 was situated on the edge of the field, where heavy agricultural equipment was turning. Plot K2 represented the ridge (the crop row), and plot K3 the furrow (the inter–row area of the field). Soil penetration resistance and bulk density of undisturbed soil samples was determined together with the infiltration experiments taken at all defined plots. The vertical bulk density distribution was similar to the vertical soil penetration resistance distribution, i.e., the highest values of bulk density and soil penetration resistance were estimated at the plot K1 in 15–20 cm depths, and the lowest values at the plot K2. Application of 50 mm of water resulted in the penetration depth of 30 cm only at all 3 plots. Soil water storage measured at the plot K2 (in the ridge) was higher than the soil water storage measured at the plot K3 (in the furrow), and 4.2 times higher than the soil water storage measured at the most compacted plot K1 on the edge of the field. Results of the experiments indicate the sequence in the thickness of compacted soil layers at studied plots in order (from the least to highest compacted ones): K2–K3–K1.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document