Why so few pseudogenes in tetraploid species?

The United States National Arboretum has an ongoing flowering cherry (Prunus) breeding program aimed at broadening the genetic base of cultivated ornamental cherries by developing new cultivars with disease and pest resistance, tolerance to environmental stresses, and superior ornamental characteristics. Interploid crosses, specifically 2X × 4X, in ornamental Prunus would be beneficial in breeding because they could allow introgression of traits not available in the diploid germplasm (pest resistance, cold hardiness), and could result in the creation of seedless triploids that would not set nuisance fruit and possibly have extended bloom durations. This report documents successful hybridization of P. maackii (Manchurian or Amur cherry), a tetraploid species, with P. campanulata, P. ‘Umineko’, and P. maximowiczii, all diploid species. Chromosomes of one of these resulting triploid hybrids were successfully doubled using oryzalin in tissue culture to create a hexaploid plant.

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An investigation of the karyotypes of four species from the genera Setcreasea, Spironema and Tradescantia (Commelinaceae)

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.1989.040 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 527-540

Author(s):

Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska

Keyword(s):

Tetraploid Species ◽

Setcreasea Purpurea ◽

Total Length ◽

The Family

An investigation was conducted on the number and morphology of the chromosomes of four species from the family Commelinacene: Spironema fragrans Lindl., Setereasea purpurea Boom, Tradescantia albiflora Kunth. and Tradescantia blossfeldiana Mildbr. It was found that the karyotype of Spironema fragrans Lindl. was 2n = 12 chromosomes whose total length was 6.9-13.7 µm and the formula of the karyotype was: 2m+2sm +2m+2t+2stsat +2st Setcreasea purpurea Boom. had 2n = 24 chromosomes, 9.1-12.1 µm in length and the centromere positioned as represented by the formula 24m. The karyotype of Tradsescantia albiflora Kunth. had 2n = 60 chromosomes whose lengths ranged from 1.4 to 4.5 µm, and is described by the formula: 4sm+6m+10st+10sm+10m+20sm. The complex of chromosomes from Tradescantia blossfeldiana Mildbr. consisted of 2n = 60. Their length was 1.3-4.8 µm. The morphological types of the chromosomes are represented by the formula 6st+2m+2sm+6st+2sm+12m+10M+l4m+6sm. It is suggested on the basis of morphological analysis of chromosomes that Setereasea purpurea Boom is a tetraploid species and Trudescantia albiflora Kunth. and T. blossfeldiana Mildbr. are decaploids.

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EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF DIPLOID-TETRAPLOID SPECIES OF TREEFROGS OF THE GENUS HYLA

Evolution ◽

10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04713.x ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 595-608 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Dennis B. Ralin ◽

Robert K. Selander

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Genetics ◽

Tetraploid Species

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A Cytogenetic, Morphological, and Ecological Comparison of Seven Different Species of Achillea.ssp. Accessions in Kurdistan Province, Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-239139/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Nezhadi ◽

farzad fayaz ◽

Hooshmand Safari ◽

Ezzat Karami ◽

Abdol Rahman Rahimi

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Chromosome Length ◽

Base Number ◽

Tetraploid Species ◽

Medicinal Species ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Environmental Indices

Abstract We conducted the present study on seven important medicinal species of Achillea (4 replications per species) (in a total of 28 samples) in their natural habitats in two consecutive years (2018, 2019) in terms of morphological, cytogenetic, and ecological aspects. This study aimed to examine the environmental variables affecting the morphology, cytogenetics, and evolution of the plant. The results indicated that the populations had a Ploidy base number (x= 9) and the diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid levels were observed. In addition to the inter-species diversity, there was the intra-species genetic diversity as (4x, 6x) Ac. millefolium (2x, 4x), Ac.vermicularis (2x, 4x), Ac. tenuifolia (2x, 4x), Ac. Alppica(2x) , Ac.talagonica(2x),Ac. biebersteinii, and Ac.wilhelmsii (4x). Further studies also indicated that 11 out of 28 populations had 1A symmetry, 15 populations had 2B symmetry, a population had 2A, and another population had 2B. Principal component analysis (PCA) of cytogenetic variables could not differentiate the species well probably due to the superiority of intra-species diversity of populations to inter-species diversity. Therefore, it seems that the evolution and speciation of this genus are mostly due to the increase or decrease in the amount of chromatin and chromosome length. The examination of principal component analysis in environmental indices also showed that Ac. millefolium hexaploid species was more adapted to the environment with higher percentages of clay and silt while the Ac.tenuifolia tetraploid species preferred a sandy habitat over other environmental factors. Furthermore, Ac.vermicularis tetraploid species indicated the greatest sensitivity to altitude. However, the Ac.biebersteinii tetraploid species reacted to meteorological parameters, such as perception rate and minimum temperature.

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Evolutionary process of Hordeum brachyantherum 6x and related tetraploid species revealed by nuclear DNA sequences

Breeding Science ◽

10.1270/jsbbs.59.611 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 611-616 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Takao Komatsuda ◽

Björn Salomon ◽

Roland von Bothmer

Keyword(s):

Dna Sequences ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Evolutionary Process ◽

Tetraploid Species

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THE GENOME ORIGIN OF TETRAPLOID SPECIES OF LEYMUS (POACEAE: TRITICEAE) INFERRED FROM VARIATION IN REPEATED NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES

American Journal of Botany ◽

10.1002/j.1537-2197.1991.tb14491.x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 78 (7) ◽

pp. 871-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

g-Bin Zhang ◽

Jan Dvořák

Keyword(s):

Nucleotide Sequences ◽

Tetraploid Species

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Isolation and characterization of 15 SSR loci for the endangered European tetraploid species Gladiolus palustris (Iridaceae)

Applications in Plant Sciences ◽

10.1002/aps3.1245 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. e01245

Author(s):

Tamás Malkócs ◽

Shyryn Almerekova ◽

Judit Bereczki ◽

Judit Cservenka ◽

Emese Meglécz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tetraploid Species ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Ssr Loci

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The protein composition of gluten extracted from different wheats

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9630085 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 3 (9) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

JW Lee ◽

CW Wrigley

Keyword(s):

Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽

Protein Profile ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Tetraploid Species ◽

Protein Profiles ◽

Polyacrylamide Gels ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Gluten Proteins ◽

Baking Quality ◽

Triticum Species

The gluten proteins from eight commercial wheat varieties and four tetraploid Triticum species were separated by chromatograph on carboxymethyl-cellulose and by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. There are obvious differences in the protein profiles of many of the commercial wheat varieties. Furthermore, the tetraploid species differ in many respects from the T. vulgare varieties. The possible relationship between baking quality and protein profile is discussed.

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Detection of a variable number of 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S ribosomal DNA loci by fluorescent in situ hybridization in diploid and tetraploid Arachis species

Genome ◽

10.1139/g98-092 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 52-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

S N Raina ◽

Y Mukai

Keyword(s):

In Situ Hybridization ◽

5S Rdna ◽

Gene Families ◽

Ribosomal Gene ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Tetraploid Species ◽

Arachis Species ◽

26S Rdna ◽

Rdna Loci

In order to obtain new information on the genome organization of Arachis ribosomal DNA, more particularly among A. hypogaea and its close relatives, the distribution of the 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S ribosomal RNA gene families on the chromosomes of 21 diploid and tetraploid Arachis species, selected from six of nine taxonomic sections, was analyzed by in situ hybridization with pTa71 (18S-5.8S-26S rDNA) and pTa794 (5S rDNA) clones. Two major 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA loci with intense signals were found in the nucleolus organizer regions (NOR) of each of the diploid and tetraploid species. In addition to extended signals at major NORs, two to six medium and (or) minute-sized signals were also observed. Variability in the number, size, and location of 18S-5.8S-26S sites could generally distinguish species within the same genome as well as between species with different genomes. The use of double fluorescence in situ hybridization enabled us to locate the positions of 5S rRNA genes in relation to the chromosomal location of 18S-5.8S-26S rRNA genes in Arachis chromosomes which were difficult to karyotype. Two or four 5S rDNA loci and 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA loci were generally located on different chromosomes. The tandemly repeated 5S rDNA sites were diagnostic for T and C genomes. In one species, each of B and Am genomes, the two ribosomal gene families were observed to occur at the same locus. Barring A. ipaensis and A. valida, all the diploid species had characteristic centromeric bands in all the 20 chromosomes. In tetraploid species A. hypogaea and A. monticola only 20 out of 40 chromosomes showed centromeric bands. Comparative studies of distribution of the two ribosomal gene families, and occurrence of centromeric bands in only 20 chromosomes of the tetraploid species suggests that A. villosa and A. ipaensis are the diploid progenitors of A. hypogaea and A. monticola. This study excludes A. batizocoi as the B genome donor species for A. hypogaea and A. monticola.Key words: Arachis species, 5S rRNA, 18S-5.8S-26S rRNA, in situ hybridization, evolution.

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