scholarly journals Interploid Hybridizations in Ornamental Cherries Using Prunus maackii

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Margaret Pooler ◽  
Hongmei Ma ◽  
David Kidwell-Slak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Genetic Base ◽  
Flowering Cherry ◽  
New Cultivars

The United States National Arboretum has an ongoing flowering cherry (Prunus) breeding program aimed at broadening the genetic base of cultivated ornamental cherries by developing new cultivars with disease and pest resistance, tolerance to environmental stresses, and superior ornamental characteristics. Interploid crosses, specifically 2X × 4X, in ornamental Prunus would be beneficial in breeding because they could allow introgression of traits not available in the diploid germplasm (pest resistance, cold hardiness), and could result in the creation of seedless triploids that would not set nuisance fruit and possibly have extended bloom durations. This report documents successful hybridization of P. maackii (Manchurian or Amur cherry), a tetraploid species, with P. campanulata, P. ‘Umineko’, and P. maximowiczii, all diploid species. Chromosomes of one of these resulting triploid hybrids were successfully doubled using oryzalin in tissue culture to create a hexaploid plant.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness and Vernal Budbreak of Rhamnus caroliniana and the Invasive Rhamnus cathartica

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ryan Stewart ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Reid D. Landes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rhamnus Cathartica ◽  
Small Tree ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Managed Landscapes

Carolina buckthorn [Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. or Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray] is an attractive and water-stress-resistant shrub or small tree distributed extensively in the southeastern United States that merits use in managed landscapes. Due to substantial climatic differences within its distribution (30-year normal midwinter minima range from 13 to -8 °C), selection among provenances based on differences in cold hardiness is warranted. Before selections are marketed, the potential of carolina buckthorn to be invasive also merits investigation. Ecological problems resulting from the introduction of Rhamnus L. species in the United States, most notably the dominance of R. cathartica L. (common buckthorn) over neighboring taxa, are due in part to early budbreak. Consequently, we investigated depth of cold hardiness and vernal budbreak of carolina buckthorn and common buckthorn. Stem samples of carolina buckthorn and common buckthorn collected in midwinter survived temperatures as low as -21 and -24 °C, respectively. Although the cold hardiness of carolina buckthorns from Missouri was greater than that of carolina buckthorns from Ohio and Texas on 2 Apr. 2003, there were no differences in cold hardiness of stems from Missouri and Texas on all three assessment dates in the second experiment. All plants survived at both field locations except for the carolina buckthorns from southern Texas planted in Iowa, which showed 0% and 17% survival in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Budbreak of both species with and without mulch in Ames, Iowa, was recorded from 9 Apr. to 10 May 2002. Mean budbreak of common buckthorn was 5.7 days earlier than budbreak of carolina buckthorn, and buds of mulched carolina buckthorns broke 4.2 days earlier than did buds of unmulched carolina buckthorns. We conclude that the cold hardiness of carolina buckthorn is sufficient to permit the species to be planted outside of its natural distribution. Populations of carolina buckthorn in Ohio and Missouri should be the focus of efforts to select genotypes for use in regions with harsh winters. Phenology of its budbreak suggests carolina buckthorn will not be as invasive as common buckthorn, but evaluation of additional determinants of invasiveness is warranted.

scholarly journals Refining Ornamental Heat Zone Categories with Evapotranspiration

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 884A-884
Author(s):  
Albert Sutherland* ◽  
Mike Schnelle ◽  
Derek Arndt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Heat Zone ◽  
Oklahoma Mesonet

The American Horticulture Society (AHS) Heat Zone categories have been developed to categorize ornamental plant adaptability to different air temperature climates. These zones, like the Plant Hardiness map showing plant cold hardiness zones within the United States, are primarily north to south zones. Within the Great Plains region of the United States, the AHS Heat Zone categories provide a basic level of plant adaptability to air temperature, but do not account for plant reaction to variations in wind, relative humidity or sunlight. Daily reference evapotranspiration provides a single number that responds to variations in air temperature, wind, relative humidity and sunlight. In Oklahoma, the Oklahoma Mesonet provides a uniform statewide network of weather monitor towers that can be used to accurately calculate both short and tall American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) reference evapotranspiration (ref ET) across the entire state. Accumulated daily ref ET values can be used to provide further refinement in categorizing ornamental plant adaptability.

scholarly journals Early Development of Gerbera as a Floricultural Crop

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Tourjee ◽  
James Harding ◽  
Thomas G. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gerbera Jamesonii ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Breeding Work ◽  
Commercial Crop

The development of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex. Hooker) as a floricultural crop is traced from its collection as a botanical novelty in South Africa to its establishment as a commercial crop in the 1930s. The origin of the cultivated germplasm, G. jamesonii and G. viridifolia (DC) Schultz- Bipontinus, is discussed, as well as breeding work that occurred in Europe and the United States. The contributions of the two species to the cultivated germplasm is unknown. Early breeding in Europe was conducted by RI. Lynch at the Cambridge Botanic Gardens in England, R. Adnet at La Rosarie in Antibes, France; and by C. Sprenger in Italy. In the United States, early work was done at estates in New Jersey by Herrington and Atkins, and by the commercial growers Jaenicke and the J.L. Childs' Seed Co. Establishing the cold hardiness of the crop for temperate climates was an early goal of horticulturists and breeders. Much of the cultivated germplasm can be traced to material that passed through Cambridge and Antibes.

scholarly journals (237) Hybridization of Hydrangea arborescens and H. involucrata

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1002C-1002
Author(s):  
Keri Jones ◽  
Sandra Reed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Maternal Parent ◽  
Cold Hardy

Hydrangea arborescens L., or smooth hydrangea, is a shrub native to the eastern United States that produces large corymbs of pure white flowers in early summer. Rated as hardy to USDA cold hardiness zone 4, it is one of the most cold-hardy members of the genus. Hydrangea involucrata Sieb. is an Asian species that produces lavender-blue flowers in midsummer. This species, which is not widely cultivated in the United States, is only rated as hardy to zone 6 to 7. The objective of this study was to hybridize H. arborescens and H. involucrata for the purpose of combining cold hardiness and flower color. Reciprocal crosses were made between H. involucrata and H. arborescens during Summer 2003. No seed were obtained when H. involucrata was used as the maternal parent. Approximately 500 seeds were collected from H. arborescen × H. involucrata hybridizations, 36 of which germinated. Several of these seedlings were extremely weak and died at a young age. The remaining eight plants have not flowered and all possess reduced growth rates. Hybridity was verified using RAPD markers and morphological comparisons of hybrids and parents.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF A WHITE-FLOWERED, COLD-HARDY ALSTROEMERIA

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 491B-491
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Kollman ◽  
Mark Bridgen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Cold Hardy

Alstroemeria, the Inca lily or lily-of-the-Incas, is becoming a popular garden plant in the United States. In past years, the primary interest in Alstroemeria has been for its cut flowers. However, recent cold-hardy introductions (USDA hardiness zone 5) have expanded the interest of this colorful plant as a garden perennial throughout the U.S. Previously, garden interests were restricted to warmer zones in the southern United States where Alstroemeria could over-winter. This research describes a breeding procedure which has been used with the objective to develop a cold-hardy, white flowered Alstroemeria. The interspecific hybrids were bred with the use of in ovulo embryo rescue. Reciprocal crosses were made between several white-flowered cultivars and the cold hardy Chilean species, Alstroemeria aurea during the summers of 2004 and 2005. Ovaries were collected 10–23 days after hand pollination and their ovules were aseptically excised. Ovules were placed in vitro on 25% Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under dark conditions until germination. Three weeks after germination they were then placed on 100% MS medium, and subcultured every three to four weeks thereafter until they were large enough for rooting. After rooting and acclimation, plants were transferred to the greenhouse. Successful hybrids that were produced in 2004 were evaluated under greenhouse and field trials during 2005. Data on the flower color for each of the hybrids were recorded, as well as certain morphological characteristics that can indicate cold-hardiness. Hybrid plants are being overwintered outside in Ithaca, N.Y. (USDA zone 5), and Riverhead, N.Y. (USDA zone 7), during the next several years for a more accurate assessment of cold-hardiness. Self pollinations and reciprocal crosses with the white-flowered parent were performed on the F1 generation in the summer and fall of 2005 in order to determine segregating characteristics. Few ovules were obtained from F1 generation crosses. Successful F2generation plants are being grown in vitro and will be transferred to the greenhouse where flower color will be noted. Root squashes and pollen staining were completed to determine ploidy levels and assess male sterility of the F1 generation.

scholarly journals Inbreeding, Coancestry, and Founding Clones of Almonds of California, Mediterranean Shores, and Russia

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Lansari ◽  
Dale E. Kester ◽  
Amy F. Iezzoni
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genetic Base ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
The Mean

The mean inbreeding and coancestry coefficients were calculated for almond, Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb, cultivars from the United States, France, Spain, Israel, and Russia. To improve cultivars to meet market demand, the recurrent use of four selections as parents in U.S. breeding programs has resulted in a mean inbreeding coefficient (F) of 0.022 in this collection. In France, a single cultivar, Ferralise, has an inbreeding value of F = 0.250, while cultivars of other almond-producing countries are noninbred (F = 0). Due to the use of common parents, U.S., Russian, and Israeli cultivars share coancestry, while coancestries also exist between French and Spanish almond germplasm. Cultivars of known parentage in the United States, Russia, Israel, France, and Spain trace back, respectively, to nine, eight, three, four, and three founding clones. Future almond-breeding programs may narrow the genetic base and thereby limit genetic gain.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Two Seedling Phenotyping Protocols to Assess pH Adaptability in Deciduous Azalea (Rhododendron sect. Pentanthera G. Don)

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Q. Susko ◽  
Timothy A. Rinehart ◽  
James M. Bradeen ◽  
Stan C. Hokanson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ph Tolerance ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Managed Landscapes

Deciduous azaleas are an important element of residential and commercial landscapes in the United States after substantial trait improvements to increase their market appeal. Despite progress in breeding for ornamental characteristics and cold hardiness, intolerance to elevated pH and calcareous soils continues to limit their use in managed landscapes. Therefore, we assessed the utility of in vitro and greenhouse phenotyping approaches to evaluate and select for improved soil pH tolerance to increase the efficiency of breeding for this important trait. The research presented offers an example for implementing image-based phenotyping to expedite cultivar development in woody ornamental crops.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Forty-seven Cultivars of Lisianthus as Cut Flowers

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent K. Harbaugh ◽  
Michelle L. Bell ◽  
Rongna Liang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Eustoma Grandiflorum ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Cultivar Groups ◽  
Postharvest Longevity ◽  
New Cultivars

Lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf). Shinn.] is emerging as an important cut flower in the United States while in European and Asian markets it is already listed among the top ten cut flowers. Many new cultivars have been released in the United States within the last 5 years, but comparative performance trials of these cultivars have been lacking. This trial evaluated 47 cultivars of lisianthus representing series (cultivar groups) that were marketed in the United States in 1998. Evaluations were made for rosetting, plug performance, cut-flower characteristics (vegetative and flowering attributes) as well as postharvest longevity of cut flowers. Significant differences among cultivars were found for all of the attributes evaluated. `Malibu Purple', `Catalina Blue Blush', and `Alice Pink' were selected as the best performers in the seedling (plug) stage since they had less than 5% rosettes, large leaves and a vigorous root system. Cultivars were placed in classes based on flower color, flower size, and number of petals (single or double flowers). Cultivars were ranked for each of the attributes and the total rank sum of all attributes (TRS) was used to select the best in class. Cultivars selected as best in class were `Malibu Purple', `Malibu Blue Blush', `Alice Purple', `Balboa Blue', `Avila Blue Rim', `Mellow Pink', `Flamenco Wine Red', `Flamenco Rose Rim', `Alice Pink', `Avila Rose' and `Echo Pink', `Alice White', and `Mariachi White'.

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