IN VITRO AND IN VIVO COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF SEVERAL NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES (NPVs) BY NEUTRALIZATION, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

ABSTRACT Adenohypophysial prolactin of lactating rats was pulse-labelled by [3H]leucine injected i.v. at the time of removal of the pups. The [3H]prolactin concentration in the pituitary gland, analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, progressively fell as the time from labelling to removal of the pituitary gland increased from 8 to 24 h, which suggests that there was a loss of hormone as it aged within the gland. Suckling effectively provoked the depletion–transformation of total and [3H]prolactin (extracted at pH 7·2) when applied after 8 h but not when applied after either 16 or 24 h after removing the pups. In rats whose pups were removed for 8 h, suckling also depleted–transformed [3H]prolactin labelled 4 h, but not that labelled 1 h before suckling. The pituitary glands of other lactating rats were labelled with [3H]leucine injected i.v. at various times before removing the glands and incubating them in medium 199. The secretion into the medium of [3H]prolactin labelled either 4, 8, 16 or 24 h beforehand was maximal during the first 30 min then declined from 30 to 240 min of incubation. However, secretion of prolactin labelled 1 h and 10 min beforehand reached a maximum after 0·5–1 h and 2 h of incubation respectively, then remained constant during the remainder of the 4-h incubation period. The total 4-h secretion of [3H]prolactin was greatest (65% of preincubation concentration) from those glands labelled 4 h before in contrast to those labelled 10 min (15%) or 1 (38%), 8 (34%), 16 (18%) or 24 h (26%) before incubation. Taken together, these data suggest that prolactin synthesized 4 h earlier is more likely to be released in response to physiological stimuli than is more recently formed prolactin or prolactin which has remained in the pituitary gland for 16 h or longer. J. Endocr. (1984) 101, 27–32

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Studies of the Metabolism of Asialotransferrins: Evidence that Transferrin Does not Undergo Desialylation in Vivo

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0460763 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 763-774

Author(s):

K.-L. Wong ◽

P. A. Charlwood ◽

M. W. C. Hatton ◽

E. Regoeczi

Keyword(s):

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Biological Significance ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel ◽

Fractional Catabolic Rate ◽

Sialic Acid Content ◽

Catabolic Rate ◽

Bovine Transferrin

1. Experiments are reported which aimed at determining whether transferrin loses sialyl residues from the carbohydrate side-chains during the biological lifetime of the molecule. To explore this possibility, transferrin fractions of relatively high sialic acid content (referred to as sialotransferrin) were prepared from purified rabbit and bovine transferrin by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After labelling with 125I, the preparations were injected into a group of three rabbits each. From the plasma samples obtained between 1 h and 6–8 days after injection, transferrin was partially purified, mixed with 131I-labelled asialotransferrin of the corresponding species and run in preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. In each specimen examined, the 125I radioactivity migrated ahead of the marker asialotransferrin, and no portion of the dose was detected with the electrophoretic mobility of asialotransferrin. 2. Evidence is presented that bovine transferrin desialylated in vitro remains detectable in the plasma of rabbits for intervals which are comparable with those found in previous studies with rabbit asialotransferrin. 3. A mathematical model is described for the computation of asialo- to sialotransferrin radioactivity ratios in the plasma, continuous desialylation of pulse-injected sialotransferrin being assumed. Calculations were made at various hypothetical rates of desialylation. 4. On the basis of the experimental data and the model it is concluded that transferrin (both rabbit and bovine) is not subjected to systematic desialylation in rabbits. Random desialylation of some transferrin could take place at rates less than 5% of the fractional catabolic rate of transferrin, which would be without any biological significance.

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Crosslinking of Rabbit Fibrin in Vivo

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1649183 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 31 (03) ◽

pp. 435-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. S Finlayson ◽

D. L Aronson

Keyword(s):

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Jugular Vein ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel ◽

Rabbit Plasma ◽

Sequence Of Events

SummaryCrosslinking found in clots produced in vivo by inducing thrombosis in the rabbit jugular vein was compared with that in platelet-poor rabbit plasma clots formed in vitro. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the dissolved washed clots showed that the sequence of events in vivo was the same as has previously been observed in vitro and that γ dimerization was followed by α polymerization, with extensive crosslinking being evident in even the earliest clots.

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Platelet Microtubule Subunit Proteins

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1657068 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 42 (05) ◽

pp. 1630-1633 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A G Castle ◽

N Crawford

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Blood Platelets ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel ◽

Lens Epithelial Cells ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Microtubular Structures

SummaryBlood platelets contain microtubule proteins (tubulin and HMWs) which can be polymerised “in vitro” to form structures which resemble the microtubules seen in the intact platelet. Platelet tubulin is composed of two non-identical subunits a and p tubulin which have molecular weights around 55,000 but can be resolved in alkaline SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These subunits associate as dimers with sedimentation coefficients of about 5.7 S although it is not known whether the dimer protein is a homo- or hetero-dimer. The dimer tubulin binds the anti-mitotic drug colchicine and the kinetics of this binding are similar to those reported for neurotubulins. Platelet microtubules also contain two HMW proteins which appear to be essential and integral components of the fully assembled microtubule. These proteins have molecular weights greater than 200,000 daltons. Fluorescent labelled antibodies to platelet and brain tubulins stain long filamentous microtubular structures in bovine lens epithelial cells and this pattern of staining is prevented by exposing the cells to conditions known to cause depolymerisation of cell microtubules.

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Comparative Studies on Caseins of Several Different Animals by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Nippon Nōgeikagaku Kaishi ◽

10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.44.505 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 44 (11) ◽

pp. 505-511 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Masatake TOYODA ◽

Kunio YAMAUCHI ◽

Tomokichi TSUGO

Keyword(s):

Comparative Studies ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel

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Phosphorylation of synaptic-membrane proteins from ox cerebral cortex in vitro. Preparation of fractions enriched in phosphorylated proteins by using extraction with detergents and urea, and gel filtration

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1630369 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 163 (2) ◽

pp. 369-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

P R Dunkley ◽

H Holmes ◽

R Rodnight

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Cyclic Amp ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel ◽

Synaptic Membrane ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Phosphorylated Proteins

Synaptic-membrane fragments from ox cerebral cortex contain basal and cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase(s) that transfer 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP to hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine residues in membrane-protein substrates. In the present work, labelled membrane fragments were partitioned into soluble and insoluble fractions with Triton X-100, Nonidet P. 40, sodium deoxycholate and urea, and the distribution of 32P-labelled protein in the fractions was determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and radioautography. A high percentage of phosphorylated protein sustrates remained insoluble, including those whose phosphorylation was most highly stimulated by cyclic AMP. Whole membrane fragments and samples prepared by detergent extraction were fractionated on Sepharose 6B columns in the presence of low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulphate and pooled fractions were analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and radioautography. Phosphorylated proteins were fractionated on the basis of their molecular weight, but homogeneous protein was not obtained. The results are discussed in relation to the techniques used and the results obtained in other laboratories.

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Identification of D-Dimer-E Complex in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

10.1055/s-0039-1684840 ◽

1979 ◽

Author(s):

A.N. Whitaker ◽

E.A. Rowe ◽

P.P. Masci ◽

P.J. Gaffney

Keyword(s):

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Stable Complex ◽

Fibrin Degradation Products ◽

Pneumococcal Sepsis ◽

D Antigen ◽

D Dimer

D-dimer (D2), a product of the plasmin lysis of cross-linked (XL) fibrin, but not of non-XL fibrin or fibrinogen, has been identified in the plasma of patients with DIC due to amniotic fluid embolism. In vitro, D is involved with fragment E as a stable complex (D2-E) but D2 -E has not been identified in vivo before. Fibrin degradation products (FDP) were studied in a patient having fulminant postsplenectomy pneumococcal sepsis and DIC, by immunoprecipitation with anti-fibrinogen (f) and anti-fragment E and characterization by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). With both antisera soluble HMW fibrin complexes, D2 and E but no X, Y or D were obtained from serum. D2 and E were identified in the supernatant after removing partially XL HMW complexes and fibrinogen from plasma with 2.5 M β-alanine. The presence D antigen in the D2-E complex precipitated by monospecific anti-E was confirmed by crossed Ag-Ab electrophoresis. Crossed Ag-Ab electrophoresis of serum in agarose gave E peaks of slow mobility and no fast-moving free E was found. Thus, D2-E complex exists in vivo and its easy identification, proving the lysis of XL fibrin, would be of value in studying thrombosis. D2-E complex has been identified in other patients with sepsis but at lower concentrations than described above.

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Purification and properties of β-mannanases I and II from the germinated seeds of Trifolium repens. Mode of galactomannan degradation in vitro

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1751079 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 175 (3) ◽

pp. 1079-1087 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

H Villarroya ◽

J Williams ◽

P Dey ◽

S Villarroya ◽

F Petek

Keyword(s):

Trifolium Repens ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Disc Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel ◽

Ph Optimum ◽

Electrophoretic Method ◽

Germinated Seeds

Two beta-mannanases (beta-mannosidases, EC 3.2.1.25) purified from the germinated seeds of Trifolium repens by a procedure that included chromatography on hydroxyapatite, gel filtration on acrylamide/agarose (Ultragel 5/4) and preparative polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis. The final purification step completely resolved two beta-mannanases with distinct specificities, which were termed beta-mannanase I and beta-mannanase II. beta-Mannanase I was purified 1400-fold and beta-mannanase II 1000-fold. The purified enzymes showed a single protein band when examined by polyacrylamide-gel disc electrophoresis. beta-Mannanase I, apparent mol.wt. 43 000, accounted for 49% of the total activity recovered from the final step of purification. beta-Mannanase II, apparent mol.wt. 38 000, accounted for the remaining 51% of activity. Molecular-weight determinations were by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and by the electrophoretic method of Hendrick & Smith [(1968) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 126, 155-164]. The substrate specificities of both enzymes were examined with the galactomannans of T. repens and of Medicago sativa, as well as with manno-oligosaccharides. The pH optimum was between pH 5.1 and 5.6 for both enzymes.

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Isolation from human chronic-lymphocytic-leukaemia cells of membrane glycoproteins associated with Fc-receptor functions. Physical parameters and production of polyclonal antibodies

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2450075 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 245 (1) ◽

pp. 75-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G Gorini ◽

G A Medgyesi ◽

M Garavini ◽

K J Dorrington ◽

J Down

Keyword(s):

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Lymphocytic Leukaemia ◽

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Fc Receptor ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Membrane Glycoproteins

Two membrane glycoproteins that bound immune complexes and inhibited Fc-receptor- (FcR-)mediated functions in vitro were purified from human FcR+ chronic-lymphocytic-leukaemia cells. A multi-step purification was developed, consisting essentially in: (i) Tween 40 extraction of crude cell membranes; (ii) solubilization of membrane fragments by Renex-30; (iii) isolation of glycoproteins by affinity chromatography on Lens culinaris haemagglutinin-Sepharose; (iv) papain treatment of the eluted glycoproteins followed by gel-filtration chromatography; (v) purification by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of two molecular species from the protein-size fraction enriched for immune-complex-binding activity. The two electrophoretically isolated components displayed apparent molecular masses of 70 and 45 kDa by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and restricted charge heterogeneity by two-dimensional analysis. Two-dimensional peptide mapping revealed the presence of many peptides in common between the two proteins and the absence of a number of peptides in the 45 kDa component. These two polypeptides were used as immunogens to produce polyclonal antibodies that cross-reacted with both proteins and specifically inhibited FcR-mediated reactions in vitro. Furthermore, FcR-related components from detergent-extracted lysates of the human K562 and U937 cell lines or human placental membranes were revealed by the putative anti-FcR antibodies adsorbed on Protein A-Sepharose.

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Phosphorylation of prolactin and growth hormone

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/jme.0.0080183 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 183-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

C. Arámburo ◽

J. L. Montiel ◽

J. A. Proudman ◽

L. R. Berghman ◽

C. G. Scanes

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Protein Kinase A ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel ◽

Pituitary Cells ◽

Charge Heterogeneity ◽

Kinase A

ABSTRACT To determine whether GH and prolactin could be phosphorylated, turkey GH, chicken GH, chicken prolactin and turkey prolactin were incubated in vitro with the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A and [γ-32P]ATP. Phosphorylation was assessed after sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting and autoradiography. Polyacrylamide electrophoresis showed that both purified native chicken GH and turkey GH were phosphorylated under the conditions employed. However, the glycosylated variant of chicken GH did not appear to be labelled. Chicken prolactin, turkey prolactin and the glycosylated variant of turkey prolactin were all intensely phosphorylated by protein kinase A. Ovine and rat prolactins could also be phosphorylated by protein kinase A. The phosphate content of different native prolactin (turkey, ovine and rat) and GH (ovine and chicken) preparations was also determined and found to be significant. Chicken pituitary cells in primary culture incorporated P in GH- and prolactin-like bands isolated by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and this was stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate. Phosphorylation of GH and prolactin may thus explain some of the charge heterogeneity of these hormones.

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