Isolation and Characterization of Plant Cell Walls and Cell Wall Components

Abstract A method for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of whole cell wall components, including lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, was recently developed in our laboratory. The method described for fir (Abies sachalinensis) as a softwood consists of ball-milling of cell wall, dissolution in an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl), in situ acetylation, recovery of the material from the solution, and characterization of the product by 1H-13C correlation heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-d6. In the present paper, the performance of the method should be tested for a hardwood and a bamboo. Thus, Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla) and hachiku bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) have been investigated. Finely ball-milled birch and bamboo materials were completely dissolved in [Bmim]Cl at 100°C without severe chemical modification of the cell wall components. The dissolved cell walls were then subjected to in situ acetylation, and the ball-milled and fully acetylated cell walls were recovered from [Bmim]Cl. Longer ball-milling time was required for birch and bamboo cell walls, because of the lower solubility of acetylated birch and bamboo materials in DMSO-d6compared to the acetylated fir material. However, HSQC NMR experiments were successfully conducted, and the acetylated whole cell wall components in the birch and bamboo could be fully characterized. This method is applicable for the analysis of cell wall components of various plant biomasses without previous isolation. Further studies are necessary to improve the method.

Download Full-text

Plant Cell Wall Hydration and Plant Physiology: An Exploration of the Consequences of Direct Effects of Water Deficit on the Plant Cell Wall

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1263

Author(s):

David Stuart Thompson ◽

Azharul Islam

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Water Content ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Plant Cell Walls ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽

Degree Of Hydration ◽

Cellulose Composites

The extensibility of synthetic polymers is routinely modulated by the addition of lower molecular weight spacing molecules known as plasticizers, and there is some evidence that water may have similar effects on plant cell walls. Furthermore, it appears that changes in wall hydration could affect wall behavior to a degree that seems likely to have physiological consequences at water potentials that many plants would experience under field conditions. Osmotica large enough to be excluded from plant cell walls and bacterial cellulose composites with other cell wall polysaccharides were used to alter their water content and to demonstrate that the relationship between water potential and degree of hydration of these materials is affected by their composition. Additionally, it was found that expansins facilitate rehydration of bacterial cellulose and cellulose composites and cause swelling of plant cell wall fragments in suspension and that these responses are also affected by polysaccharide composition. Given these observations, it seems probable that plant environmental responses include measures to regulate cell wall water content or mitigate the consequences of changes in wall hydration and that it may be possible to exploit such mechanisms to improve crop resilience.

Download Full-text

A Label-free, Fast and High-specificity Technique for Plant Cell Wall Imaging and Composition Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-107437/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Huimin Xu ◽

Yuanyuan Zhao ◽

Yuanzhen Suo ◽

Yayu Guo ◽

Yi Man ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Raman Scattering ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Plant Cell Walls ◽

Label Free ◽

Wall Imaging

Abstract Background: Cell wall imaging can considerably permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide the detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which is imperative to better exploit and use the biomass polymers; however, detailed imaging and quantifying of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging.Results: Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering microscopy (CRS), including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which images the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. The major steps of the procedure are demonstrated, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach, which will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls.Conclusions: This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

Download Full-text

Regulation of acetylation of plant cell wall components is complex and responds to external stimuli

Plant Signaling & Behavior ◽

10.1080/15592324.2019.1687185 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 1687185 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. A. Sinclair ◽

S. Gille ◽

M. Pauly ◽

U. Krämer

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Cell Wall Components ◽

External Stimuli ◽

Wall Components

Download Full-text

Plasmodesmata-Related Structural and Functional Proteins: The Long Sought-After Secrets of a Cytoplasmic Channel in Plant Cell Walls

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20122946 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 2946 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Xiao Han ◽

Li-Jun Huang ◽

Dan Feng ◽

Wenhan Jiang ◽

Wenzhuo Miu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Plasma Membranes ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Plant Cells ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Cell Contact ◽

Plant Cell Walls ◽

Cell Organelles

Plant cells are separated by cellulose cell walls that impede direct cell-to-cell contact. In order to facilitate intercellular communication, plant cells develop unique cell-wall-spanning structures termed plasmodesmata (PD). PD are membranous channels that link the cytoplasm, plasma membranes, and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells to provide cytoplasmic and membrane continuity for molecular trafficking. PD play important roles for the development and physiology of all plants. The structure and function of PD in the plant cell walls are highly dynamic and tightly regulated. Despite their importance, plasmodesmata are among the few plant cell organelles that remain poorly understood. The molecular properties of PD seem largely elusive or speculative. In this review, we firstly describe the general PD structure and its protein composition. We then discuss the recent progress in identification and characterization of PD-associated plant cell-wall proteins that regulate PD function, with particular emphasis on callose metabolizing and binding proteins, and protein kinases targeted to and around PD.

Download Full-text

Binding selectivity of dietary polyphenols to different plant cell wall components: Quantification and mechanism

Food Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.115 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 233 ◽

pp. 216-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Anh Dao T. Phan ◽

Bernadine M. Flanagan ◽

Bruce R. D'Arcy ◽

Michael J. Gidley

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Binding Selectivity ◽

Cell Wall Components ◽

Dietary Polyphenols ◽

Wall Components

Download Full-text

Feeding the Walls: How Does Nutrient Availability Regulate Cell Wall Composition?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19092691 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 2691 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Michael Ogden ◽

Rainer Hoefgen ◽

Ute Roessner ◽

Staffan Persson ◽

Ghazanfar Khan

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Nutrient Availability ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Cell Wall Composition ◽

Nutrient Sensing ◽

Tissue Type ◽

Wall Components

Nutrients are critical for plants to grow and develop, and nutrient depletion severely affects crop yield. In order to optimize nutrient acquisition, plants adapt their growth and root architecture. Changes in growth are determined by modifications in the cell walls surrounding every plant cell. The plant cell wall, which is largely composed of complex polysaccharides, is essential for plants to attain their shape and to protect cells against the environment. Within the cell wall, cellulose strands form microfibrils that act as a framework for other wall components, including hemicelluloses, pectins, proteins, and, in some cases, callose, lignin, and suberin. Cell wall composition varies, depending on cell and tissue type. It is governed by synthesis, deposition and remodeling of wall components, and determines the physical and structural properties of the cell wall. How nutrient status affects cell wall synthesis and organization, and thus plant growth and morphology, remains poorly understood. In this review, we aim to summarize and synthesize research on the adaptation of root cell walls in response to nutrient availability and the potential role of cell walls in nutrient sensing.

Download Full-text