A 37-spined Egyptian echinostome, Echinostoma liei sp.nov., is described in adult and larval stages. The parasite develops readily in the laboratory in chicks and ducklings, hamsters and rats. Its natural final host in or near irrigation ditches of the Nile delta involves the roof rat, Egyptian giant shrew and aquatic bird hosts. Developmental forms are described from infection of the NIH strain of Biomphalaria glabrata in the laboratory. B. alexandrina, is infected in the normal habitat in Egypt and contains both developmental stages in the heart or aorta and the hepatopancreas, and metacercariae encyst in the pericardium and kidney. E. liei sp.nov. is one of six very similar species characterized by 37 collar spines with a pattern of (3 + 2) corner spines in each lappet, six laterals on each side, and 15 dorsals in alternating rows; two pairs of dorsoventral and one small pair of ventro-lateral finfolds on the cercarial tail; and rodlike cystogenous material filling the cercarial encystation glands. In addition to distinctive intermediate-host specificity, differentiating characteristics of E. liei cercariae include presence of six sets of three flame cells each per side (total 36), seven oesophageal cells, eight penetration gland outlets on the dorsal lip of the oral sucker, and an absence of paraoesophageal gland cells as determined by intravital dyes. Significance of these and other cercarial traits is emphasized to aid in defining highly similar, but none the less distinct, sibling species.
Activities of naphthoquinones against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae), vector of dengue and Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni
