Similar acoustic structure and behavioural context of vocalizations produced by male and female California mice in the wild

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1263-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Briggs ◽  
Matina C. Kalcounis-Rueppell
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Structure ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
California Mice

scholarly journals Possible Epigenetic Origin of a Recurrent Gynandromorph Pattern in Megachile Wild Bees

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Daniele Sommaggio ◽  
Giuseppe Fusco ◽  
Marco Uliana ◽  
Alessandro Minelli
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Phenotype ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Gene Transcripts ◽  
Individual Body

Gynandromorphs, i.e., individuals with a mix of male and female traits, are common in the wild bees of the genus Megachile (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). We described new transverse gynandromorphs in Megachile pilidens Alfkeen, 1924 and analyze the spatial distribution of body parts with male vs. female phenotype hitherto recorded in the transverse gynandromorphs of the genus Megachile. We identified 10 different arrangements, nine of which are minor variants of a very general pattern, with a combination of male and female traits largely shared by the gynandromorphs recorded in 20 out of 21 Megachile species in our dataset. Based on the recurrence of the same gynandromorph pattern, the current knowledge on sex determination and sex differentiation in the honey bee, and the results of recent gene-knockdown experiments in these insects, we suggest that these composite phenotypes are possibly epigenetic, rather than genetic, mosaics, with individual body parts of either male or female phenotype according to the locally expressed product of the alternative splicing of sex-determining gene transcripts.

scholarly journals Changes in African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) faecal steroid concentrations post-defaecation

Bothalia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith T. Webber ◽  
Michelle D. Henley ◽  
Yolanda Pretorius ◽  
Michael J. Somers ◽  
Andre Ganswindt
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
African Elephant ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Endocrine Status ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Sun And Shade

Background: Faecal hormone metabolite measurement is a widely used tool for monitoring reproductive function and response to stressors in wildlife. Despite many advantages of this technique, the delay between defaecation, sample collection and processing may influence steroid concentrations, as faecal bacterial enzymes can alter steroid composition post-defaecation.Objectives: This study investigated changes in faecal glucocorticoid (fGCM), androgen (fAM) and progestagen (fPM) metabolite concentrations in faeces of a male and female African elephant (Loxodonta africana) post-defaecation and the influence of different faeces-drying regimes.Method: Subsamples of fresh faeces were frozen after being dried in direct sun or shade for 6, 20, 24, 48 and 72 h and 7 and 34 days. A subset of samples for each sex was immediately frozen as controls. Faecal hormone metabolite concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays established for fGCM, fAM and fPM monitoring in male and female African elephants.Results: Hormone metabolite concentrations of all three steroid classes were stable at first, but changed distinctively after 20 h post-defaecation, with fGCM concentrations decreasing over time and fPM and fAM concentrations steadily increasing. In freeze-dried faeces fGCM concentrations were significantly higher than respective concentrations in sun-dried material, which were in turn significantly higher than fGCM concentrations in shade-dried material. In contrast, fAM concentrations were significantly higher in sun- and shade-dried faeces compared to freeze-dried faeces. Higher fPM concentrations were also found in air-dried samples compared to lyophilised faeces, but the effect was only significant for sun-dried material.Conclusion: The revealed time restriction for collecting faecal material for hormone monitoring from elephants in the wild should be taken into account to assure reliable and comparable results. However, if logistics allow a timely collection, non-invasive hormone measurement remains a powerful and reliable approach to provide information about an elephant’s endocrine status.

scholarly journals Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Growth of Nestling American Kestrels

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly J. Fernie ◽  
David M. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Maximal Weight ◽  
American Kestrels ◽  
In The Wild

AbstractWe studied nestling American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in a laboratory setting to determine whether exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) affected their growth. Captive nestlings were raised by their parents under control or EMF conditions similar to those occurring near transmission lines in the wild. Nestlings also were exposed to EMFs as embryos when incubated by their parents. Measurements of body mass, and lengths of tarsi, antebrachia, and feathers were taken every three days after hatching. EMF exposure affected the growth of female and male nestlings. EMF nestlings and fledglings were heavier and had longer tarsi. The periods of maximal weight gain and antebrachial growth were delayed in EMF males compared to controls, although EMF males were heavier and had similarly long antebrachia to controls by 21 days of age. Growth of ninth primaries and central rectrices of nestlings were unaffected by EMF exposure. Growth patterns of male and female kestrel nestlings were similar to those previously reported for this species, although the periods of maximal weight gain and bone growth did not occur earlier in EMF males than females as it did in controls.

Differential postspawning mortality among male and female capelin (Mallotus villosus Müller) in captivity

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 588-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret PM Burton ◽  
Shawn R Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Spawning Season ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
In The Wild

Male and female capelin (Mallotus villosus Müller) were captured in 1993 at the start of spawning and males were captured in 1995 at the end of the spawning period. All male fish from both years died within 6 weeks of capture. Spent males captured in the wild showed almost empty testes with very few residual sperm and no evidence of developing spermatocytes. All female fish survived the first 6 weeks and over 50% survived 20 weeks. Sampling of the surviving females after 20 weeks showed evidence of prior spawning and progressive development of oocytes for the next summer's spawning season. It was concluded that while males may be semelparous, females are inherently iteroparous.

Blocking olfactory input alters aggression in male and female California mice ( Peromyscus californicus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet K. Bester‐Meredith ◽  
Jennifer N. Burns ◽  
Minh N. Dang ◽  
Alexandrea M. Garcia ◽  
Grace E. Mammarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male And Female ◽  
Peromyscus Californicus ◽  
Olfactory Input ◽  
California Mice

scholarly journals Acoustic Structure and Contextual Use of Calls by Captive Male and Female Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e0158546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darya S. Smirnova ◽  
Ilya A. Volodin ◽  
Tatyana S. Demina ◽  
Elena V. Volodina
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Structure ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Male And Female

scholarly journals Hypothalamic transcriptomic alterations in male and female California mice (Peromyscus californicus) developmentally exposed to bisphenol A or ethinyl estradiol

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. e13133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Johnson ◽  
William G. Spollen ◽  
Lindsey K. Manshack ◽  
Nathan J. Bivens ◽  
Scott A. Givan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Peromyscus Californicus ◽  
California Mice

scholarly journals Changes in African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) faecal steroid concentrations post-defaecation

Bothalia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith T. Webber ◽  
Michelle D. Henley ◽  
Yolanda Pretorius ◽  
Michael J. Somers ◽  
Andre Ganswindt
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
African Elephant ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Endocrine Status ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Sun And Shade

Background: Faecal hormone metabolite measurement is a widely used tool for monitoring reproductive function and response to stressors in wildlife. Despite many advantages of this technique, the delay between defaecation, sample collection and processing may influence steroid concentrations, as faecal bacterial enzymes can alter steroid composition post-defaecation.Objectives: This study investigated changes in faecal glucocorticoid (fGCM), androgen (fAM) and progestagen (fPM) metabolite concentrations in faeces of a male and female African elephant (Loxodonta africana) post-defaecation and the influence of different faeces-drying regimes.Method: Subsamples of fresh faeces were frozen after being dried in direct sun or shade for 6, 20, 24, 48 and 72 h and 7 and 34 days. A subset of samples for each sex was immediately frozen as controls. Faecal hormone metabolite concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays established for fGCM, fAM and fPM monitoring in male and female African elephants.Results: Hormone metabolite concentrations of all three steroid classes were stable at first, but changed distinctively after 20 h post-defaecation, with fGCM concentrations decreasing over time and fPM and fAM concentrations steadily increasing. In freeze-dried faeces fGCM concentrations were significantly higher than respective concentrations in sun-dried material, which were in turn significantly higher than fGCM concentrations in shade-dried material. In contrast, fAM concentrations were significantly higher in sun- and shade-dried faeces compared to freeze-dried faeces. Higher fPM concentrations were also found in air-dried samples compared to lyophilised faeces, but the effect was only significant for sun-dried material.Conclusion: The revealed time restriction for collecting faecal material for hormone monitoring from elephants in the wild should be taken into account to assure reliable and comparable results. However, if logistics allow a timely collection, non-invasive hormone measurement remains a powerful and reliable approach to provide information about an elephant’s endocrine status.

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