In situ radiometric mapping as a proxy of sediment contamination: Assessment of the underlying geochemical and -physical principles

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 619-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. van der Graaf ◽  
R.L. Koomans ◽  
J. Limburg ◽  
K. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Contamination ◽  
Contamination Assessment ◽  
Physical Principles

Assessing Soil and Plant Pollution by Abandoned Rural Waste Dumping Sites in Ningbo, China

2011 ◽  
Vol 138-139 ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Dong Guan ◽  
Ye Hong Du ◽  
Zhen Dong Li ◽  
An Cheng Luo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Contamination Assessment ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Plant Pollution

This paper reports the concentration of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in the soils and rices surrounding the abandoned rural waste dumping sites in Ningbo. Igeo (geoaccumulation index) was calculated to assess the contamination degree of heavy metals in soils. The mean contents of Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb of soils were 33.3, 24.1, 1.5, 118.9 and 45.6 mg/(kg DW) (dry weight), respectively. All of them were much higher than that of the reference value (i.e. CK), but there were no coherent trend of the metal contents within 1-120m distance from the dumping site. Igeo of heavy metals reveals the order of Cd>Cu>Cr>Pb>Zn, and the contamination assessment of soils using Igeo indicate the moderate Cd pollution, while the soils were unpolluted-moderately overall by Cr, Cu, Zn as well as Pb. The heavy metal contents in root, stem & leaf and rice grains were all remarkable higher than that of the CK at 20-120 m distances, and the heavy metal contents in root were evidently much higher than other plant parts, while those in rice grain were lowest, indicating the great bioaccumulation trend of heavy metals. Although the metal contents in the rice grain were within the legislation limit, its bioaccumulation trend of heavy metals was remarkable, whose contents were 4.38-fold for Cr, 1.76-fold for Cu, 1.28-fold for Zn, 2.67-fold for Cd and 3.03-fold for Pb higher than that of reference value, respectively. Finally, we proposed a decentralized in-situ restoration approach for the dumping sites.

Optical Methods To Measure Shape and Size

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Boone
Keyword(s):  
Resolving Power ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Incoherent Light ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moiré Techniques ◽  
Living Objects ◽  
Mechanical Sensing ◽  
Physical Principles

A number of methods are available to quantify exterior size and shape of living and non-living objects. Relevant items for dentistry are the exterior of face and skull and the surface of dental casts. To the best of our knowledge, dentitions have not yet been measured in situ. The optical methods using incoherent light are mechanical sensing of casts, visual stereometry (on the subject or on stereophotographic pairs), moire techniques, and optical-sensor morphometry. It will be shown that the three latter systems in fact rely on the same physical principles, although they involve quite different technologies. On the other hand, coherent optical techniques, such as holography and contouring holographic interferometry, are presented. The basic principles of the different techniques are shown, and their main features in relation to applications to the dental object discussed. Main features include: resolving power, range, time needed for a measurement, requirements for the surface of the object, and ease of selection and collection of data. Examples of methods from the literature and from work by the author are given.

Sediment contamination assessment in urban areas based on total suspended solids

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Rossi ◽  
Nathalie Chèvre ◽  
Rolf Fankhauser ◽  
Jonas Margot ◽  
Romuald Curdy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Sediment Contamination ◽  
Contamination Assessment

scholarly journals A portable instrument with disposable cells for in-situ measurements of viscosity in liquids

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Grossi ◽  
Bruno Riccò
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Metalworking Fluids ◽  
Portable Instrument ◽  
Electronic Board ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Physical Principles

Viscosity is a very important property of liquids and its measure is mandatory for quality analysis in different industrial fields, such as food, paints, petroleum based products and cosmetics. Different types of viscometers exist that can measure fluids’ viscosity with high accuracy exploiting different physical principles, however these instruments are generally laboratory based and not suitable for quick in-situ measurements by untrained personnel.In this paper a portable instrument for in-situ measurement of liquids’ viscosity is presented. The instrument is based on the falling ball principle and features a battery operated electronic board, an LCD display and a disposable cell for measurements on samples for which cleaning would be difficult and time consuming. The instrument has been successfully tested by measuring the viscosity of tap water in the temperature range 15° - 45 °C and the viscosity of metalworking fluids in order to estimate oil concentration.

scholarly journals Biogeochemical Interactions In The Application Of Biotechnological Strategies To Marine Sediments Contaminated With Metals

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Fonti ◽  
Antonio Dell’Anno ◽  
Francesca Beolchini
Keyword(s):  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Sediment Contamination ◽  
Metal Mobility ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Geochemical Properties

AbstractSediment contamination in coastal areas with high anthropogenic pressure is a widespread environmental problem. Metal contaminants are of particular concern, since they are persistent and cannot be degraded. Microorganisms can influence metal mobility in the sediment by several direct and indirect processes. However, the actual fate of metals in the environment is not easily predictable and several biogeochemical constraints affect their behaviour. In addition, the geochemical characteristics of the sediment play an important role and the general assumptions for soils or freshwater sediments cannot be extended to marine sediments. In this paper we analysed the correlation between metal mobility and main geochemical properties of the sediment. Although the prediction of metal fate in sediment environment, both forex-situbioleaching treatments andin-situbiostimulation strategies, appears to require metal-specific and site-specific tools, we found that TOM and pH are likely the main variables in describing and predicting Zn behaviour. Arsenic solubilisation/increase in mobility appears to correlate positively with carbonate content. Cd, Pb and Ni appear to require multivariate and/or non-linear approaches.

scholarly journals A portable instrument with disposable cells for in-situ measurements of viscosity in liquids

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Grossi ◽  
Bruno Riccò
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Metalworking Fluids ◽  
Portable Instrument ◽  
Electronic Board ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Physical Principles

Viscosity is a very important property of liquids and its measure is mandatory for quality analysis in different industrial fields, such as food, paints, petroleum based products and cosmetics. Different types of viscometers exist that can measure fluids’ viscosity with high accuracy exploiting different physical principles, however these instruments are generally laboratory based and not suitable for quick in-situ measurements by untrained personnel.In this paper a portable instrument for in-situ measurement of liquids’ viscosity is presented. The instrument is based on the falling ball principle and features a battery operated electronic board, an LCD display and a disposable cell for measurements on samples for which cleaning would be difficult and time consuming. The instrument has been successfully tested by measuring the viscosity of tap water in the temperature range 15° - 45 °C and the viscosity of metalworking fluids in order to estimate oil concentration.

scholarly journals Biphasic sonoelectrosynthesis. A review

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 1947-1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay D. Wadhawan ◽  
Frank Marken ◽  
Richard G. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Immiscible Liquid ◽  
Methylene Green ◽  
Liquid Systems ◽  
Physical Principles

Electrosynthesis can be carried out in emulsions formed in situ via sonication of otherwise immiscible liquid/liquid systems. The basic physical principles underlying these experiments are introduced and illustrated via three examples: the electroreduction of liquid olefins, the Kolbe electrooxidation, and the electrogeneration of leuco-methylene green.

Physics of Neutron-Gamma Sensors for Soil Elemental Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Kavetskiy ◽  
Galina Yakubova ◽  
Nikolay Sargsyan ◽  
Stephen A. Prior ◽  
H. Allen Torbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Fast Neutrons ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
In Situ Method ◽  
Gamma Analysis ◽  
Physical Principles ◽  
Gamma Spectra

Soil elemental (mainly carbon) analysis is one of the critical features in agricultural practice. The based on different physical principal methods are began applied today instead of traditional chemical analysis. One of such methods is neutron-gamma analysis. This method has a lot of advantage before traditional methods. It is nondestructive in situ method, no sample preparation is needed, no time consuming and labor-intensive method. Method is based on the registration of gamma rays response of the main soil nuclei at its irradiation by fast neutron flux.In this report we will discussed physical principles of this method, namely processes of penetration, moderation and interaction with soil elements of fast neutrons, gamma rays appearing and propagation in soil, creating the gamma spectra in gamma detector. Based on this discussion the ways of soil elemental content determination from gamma spectra will be represented. The comparison of received results of neutron-gamma analysis with data of chemical analysis demonstrate that this method can replace this last in agricultural practice.

Laser-Ultrasonic Characterization of the Microstructure of Aluminium

2006 ◽  
Vol 519-521 ◽  
pp. 1373-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Moduli ◽  
Thermomechanical Processing ◽  
Laser Ultrasonics ◽  
Materials Properties ◽  
Ultrasonic Characterization ◽  
Line Measurement ◽  
Industrial Materials ◽  
Physical Principles

Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements are powerful tools to infer much information about the microstructure and properties of aluminum and its alloys. Laser-ultrasonics is a technology that enables doing these measurements remotely, in-situ or inline and in a fraction of a second. Therefore, it is possible to characterize the thermomechanical processing of aluminum alloys with unprecedented time resolution. This paper reviews the physical principles that allow relating velocity and attenuation measurements to various materials properties and microstructural features such as elastic moduli, crystallographic distribution orientation (texture), residual stresses, recrystallization and dislocations. In-situ (in laboratory furnaces) and in-line measurement examples from the Industrial Materials Institute research group are reviewed and presented.

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