Epistemic Challenges of Digital Twins & Virtual Brains: Perspectives from Fundamental Neuroethics

In this article, we present and analyse the concept of Digital Twin (DT) linked to distinct types of objects (artefacts, natural, inanimate or living) and examine the challenges involved in creating them from a fundamental neuroethics approach that emphasises conceptual analyses. We begin by providing a brief description of DTs and their initial development as models of artefacts and physical inanimate objects, identifying core challenges in building these tools and noting their intended benefits. Next, we describe attempts to build DTs of model living entities, such as hearts, highlighting the novel challenges raised by this shift from DTs of inanimate to DTs of living objects. Against that background, we give an account of contemporary research aiming to develop DTs of the human brain by building "virtual brains", e.g. the simulation engine The Virtual Brain (TVB) as it is carried out in the European Human Brain Project. Since the brain is structurally and functionally the most complex organ in the human body, and our integrated knowledge of its functional architecture remains limited in spite of recent neuroscientific advances, the attempts to create virtual copies of the human brain are correspondingly challenging. We suggest that a clear scientific theoretical structure, conceptual clarity and transparency regarding the methods and goals of this technological development are necessary prerequisites in order to make the project of constructing virtual brains a theoretically promising and socially beneficial scientific, technological and philosophical enterprise.

Non-invasive mapping of cortical categorization function by repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation

Over the past years navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (nrTMS) had become increasingly important for the preoperative examination and mapping of eloquent brain areas. Among other applications it was demonstrated that the detection of neuropsychological function, such as arithmetic processing or face recognition, is feasible with nrTMS. In order to investigate the mapping of further brain functions, this study aims to investigate the cortical mapping of categorization function via nrTMS. 20 healthy volunteers purely right-handed, with German as mother tongue underwent nrTMS mapping using 5 Hz/10 pulses. 52 cortical spots spread over each hemisphere were stimulated. The task consisted of 80 pictures of living and non-living images, which the volunteers were instructed to categorize while the simulation pulses were applied. The highest error rates for all errors of all subjects were observed in the left hemisphere’s posterior middle frontal gyrus (pMFG) with an error rate of 60%, as well as in the right pMFG and posterior supra marginal gyrus (pSMG) (45%). In total the task processing of non-living objects elicited more errors in total, than the recognition of living objects. nrTMS is able to detect cortical categorization function. Moreover, the observed bihemispheric representation, as well as the higher error incidence for the recognition of non-living objects is well in accordance with current literature. Clinical applicability for preoperative mapping in brain tumor patients but also in general neuroscience has to be evaluated as the next step.

Multimodal neural network classifier of the functional state of the respiratory system

At present, the intelligent systems are used to study the functional state of living objects. They are often built on a multimodal basis, i.e. decision-making is carried out through several information channels with the subsequent aggregation of these decisions. In the proposed method, the electrocardiosignal is a source of information. The principle of multimodality is implemented by analyzing of various methods and aggregating the results using neural networks of block and hierarchical structure. The method was tested on the classification of patients with pneumonia with a clear diagnosis. A group of volunteers without pulmonary pathologies was used as an indifferent class.

Digital Museumification As a Promising Mechanism for the Preservation and Presentation (Representation) of Historical and Cultural Heritage: Towards the Formulation of the Question

Introduction. During the 20th century the functions and essence of museums have undergone changes. One of the most relevant functions of modern museums is museumification. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the features of digital museumification as a promising direction and an actual form of museumification of material and non-material objects included in the socio-cultural environment. Discussion. The undertaken historiographical review allowed us to conclude that there is a sufficient methodological and factual basis for a comprehensive study of the essence of museumification. At the same time, many problems of the theory and practice of museumification have not even received a problematic definition. Analysis. Museumification is of particular importance in the activities of saving, preserving, and introducing cultural heritage objects into the modern socio-cultural environment. In modern domestic and foreign practice museumification develops in two main directions: removal from the natural area and museumification of cultural heritage monuments through actualization or introduction into the socio-cultural environment. The monument, which is a harmonious part of the socio-cultural environment, does not require artificial conservation of the habitat or the area of the monument. It is determined that for such objects of museumification it is reasonable to use the concept of “dynamic museumification”. The most adequate form of “dynamic museumification” should be considered digital museumification. Results. Digital museumification should be understood as an activity for the transformation of cultural heritage objects into living objects that develop together with their cultural space and socio-cultural environment. Digital museumification is presented as a combination of actions and means pointed at ensuring the implementation of preservation and popularizations tasks within the framework of the “smart city” system being formed. Digital museumification objectively makes it necessary to create open information bases for all interested persons. The detected connection between the space of a monument and the channels of forming the historical memory determines the need for organizing digital museumification in a digital creative urban space.

PSXI-23 Study of cadmium cumulation in agricultural products taking its geochemical distribution into account

One of the criteria for agricultural production is its biological safety for human health. The purpose of our study was to reveal a territorial relationship between the cadmium content in non-living objects and agricultural products. Water and soil samples, wheat, and biosubstrates of farm animals from various administrative zones of Orenburg region were used as objects of the study. A total of 525 samples were analyzed. The content of cadmium in the samples was determined by the methods of Inductively Coupled argon Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry (ICP-AES, ICP-MS). The systemic analysis of cadmium distribution in non-living objects (water and soil) indicates a pronounced relationship between the content of the xenobiotics in geochemical zones with its increased level (maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) are within 0.75) in water 0.001–0.002 mg/kg and soil - 0.104–0.12 mg/kg. The researched zone belongs to areas with developed agriculture in particular plant science with the cultivation of durum wheat. In areas with the cadmium MAC less than 0.5, the concentration of this element in wheat is on average 0.007–0.008 mg/kg. The increase in the cadmium content to 0.75 directly proportionally increases its concentration up to 0.029-0.011 mg/kg. The maximum level of cadmium accumulation is observed in parenchymatous organs: the distribution of elements was 0.25–0.51 mg/kg in the kidneys, 0.25–0.41 mg/kg in the liver and 0.05–0.06 mg/kg in the heart. The content of the studied element in the muscle tissue has relatively low values ranging from 0.005 mg/kg to 0.01 mg/kg. The studies found a direct correlation between the distribution of the studied element in the food chain, and that a long contact between animals and cadmium leads to its accumulation, increasing the risk of chronic intoxication associated with the lesion of parenchymatous organs.

Measuring the “weight” of human in vivo bio-inertia by legendary Galileo falling body experiments on a commercial 10m diving platform and gravitationally inversion of Newton's Three Laws of Motion into the Basic Laws of Evolution

Mutations of legendary Galileo falling bodies experiment with non-living objects in a non-isolated environment demonstrate that the recoverable internal motions of falling bodies can bind and polarize gravity over conventional Newtonian mass inertia. Bio quantum path experiments further interpret the binding mechanism and reveal the isolated logic restriction of Einstein’s equivalence principle. Mutations of the Cavendish experiment unveil 109 levels of gravitational differences between living and dead states. Mutations of the Galileo falling body experiments for living beings confirmed that such differences come from recoverable internal motion surface tension gravitational binding that can be calibrated as a measurable bio-inertia. We then calibrated the falling height difference for human in vivo bio-inertia on a commercial 10m diving platform and verified 98% of populations on Earth can safely be tested in this way with enough preparation training. In vivo lifetime gravitational binding curve that governs all biological parameters and reveals life evolutionary mechanisms becomes technologically feasible. These results, along with various facts, modulate the gravitational multi-surface tension region resonating model of in vivo bio quantum path inversion superposition. Photoelectric effect, PCR, GPCR, ancient CSF-ligament human Kungfu training systems, music harmonics, and board observations physically sustain this model. Newtonian Third Laws of motion are therefore evolved into Basic Laws of Evolution originates from surface tension non-unitary time inversion superposition that is different from the mathematical superposition in quantum mechanics; original memory negentropy is also disciplinarily integrated.

Specifics in Children's Drawings with Autism

Background: The peculiarities of sensory perception and perception of one's own body in children with autism are the basis for understanding their cognitive and social development difficulties. Objective: The study aims to structure different categories of drawings of children with autism and compare them with the severity of autism measured by CARS2. Methods: 120 children aged 3 to 9 years were studied (X= 6.26, SD = 3.16). Drawings of autistic children. The children have a white sheet, pencils, a children's drawing table, and the experimenter asks them to draw a person. The children were studied with CARS. 2. Clinical method: includes observation, direct work with the child on each of the topics of the methodology used, interview with parents, diagnostic discussion with the clinical team. Psychodiagnostic method: includes an examination of children with mental developmental stairs, assessment of cognitive, communication, socioemotional and sensorimotor functions. CARS 2 Childhood Autism Rating Scale | Second Edition Statistical. Method: includes data processing using the SPSS programme. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, a frequency distribution of data are used for data analysis. Results: The results show eight main categories of drawings in autistic children: 1. circles, water; 2. patches of colour covering the human figure or representing a human figure without an external boundary; 3. figures and letters; 4. human figures fenced as a bubble, a human figure composed of parts of objects (the elements are not connected); 5. objects with geometric shapes (buildings, roads with markings, apartment blocks, strange shells; 6. road signs, logos. Conclusions: There is no statistical dependence between the severity of autistic symptomatology and the types of drawings. We can draw some conclusions about how a child with autism perceives his own body from the presented results. Because we see that in mild and moderate degrees of autism CARS 2, the whole variety of drawing categories was evaluated, while in severe and very severe degrees of expression of the disorder circles, colourful spots with vague boundaries predominate. Children with autism often identify with non-living objects, street signs, eccentric houses and towers.

Measuring the “weight” of human in vivo bio-inertia by legendary Galileo falling body experiments on a commercial 10m diving platform and gravitationally inversion of Newton's Three Laws of Motion into the Basic Laws of Evolution

Mutations of legendary Galileo falling bodies experiment with non-living objects in a non-isolated environment demonstrate that the recoverable internal motions of falling bodies can bind and polarize gravity over conventional Newtonian mass inertia. Bio quantum path experiments further interpret the binding mechanism and reveal the isolated logic restriction of Einstein’s equivalence principle. Mutations of the Cavendish experiment unveil 109 levels of gravitational differences between living and dead states. Mutations of the Galileo falling body experiments for living beings confirmed that such differences come from recoverable internal motion surface tension gravitational binding that can be calibrated as a measurable bio-inertia. We then calibrated the falling height difference for human in vivo bio-inertia on a commercial 10m diving platform and verified 98% of populations on Earth can safely be tested in this way with enough preparation training. In vivo lifetime gravitational binding curve that governs all biological parameters and reveals life evolutionary mechanisms becomes technologically feasible. These results, along with various facts, modulate the gravitational multi-surface tension region resonating model of in vivo bio quantum path inversion superposition. Photoelectric effect, PCR, GPCR, ancient CSF-ligament human Kungfu training systems, music harmonics, and board observations physically sustain this model. Newtonian Third Laws of motion are therefore evolved into Basic Laws of Evolution originates from surface tension non-unitary time inversion superposition that is different from the mathematical superposition in quantum mechanics; original memory negentropy is also disciplinarily integrated.

Microscopic Object Classification through Passive Motion Observations with Holographic Microscopy

Digital holographic microscopy provides the ability to observe throughout a volume that is large compared to its resolution without the need to actively refocus to capture the entire volume. This enables simultaneous observations of large numbers of small objects within such a volume. We have constructed a microscope that can observe a volume of 0.4 µm × 0.4 µm × 1.0 µm with submicrometer resolution (in xy) and 2 µm resolution (in z) for observation of microorganisms and minerals in liquid environments on Earth and on potential planetary missions. Because environmental samples are likely to contain mixtures of inorganics and microorganisms of comparable sizes near the resolution limit of the instrument, discrimination between living and non-living objects may be difficult. The active motion of motile organisms can be used to readily distinguish them from non-motile objects (live or inorganic), but additional methods are required to distinguish non-motile organisms and inorganic objects that are of comparable size but different composition and structure. We demonstrate the use of passive motion to make this discrimination by evaluating diffusion and buoyancy characteristics of cells, styrene beads, alumina particles, and gas-filled vesicles of micron scale in the field of view.