Dietary influence on quality of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Effect on glycolysis and buffering capacity in white muscle

Abstract The aquaculture industry in Norway is now focused on developing economically viable farming based on the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Extensive research has been carried out on this species for the past two decades, much of it in connection with stock enhancement. Until now, most of the intensive cage culture has been based on wild broodstock. However, a future cod aquaculture industry must be based on a domesticated broodstock, and the initial selection of wild cod becomes an important issue. Genetic differentiation between coastal cod populations in Norway has been reported, and it is of interest to evaluate offspring from some of these populations under farmed conditions. Live mature cod were collected at four selected spawning sites along the Norwegian coast (Porsangerfjord, Tysfjord, Herøy/Helgeland, and Øygarden). The fish were transported to Parisvatnet, a cod aquaculture facility west of Bergen, where they were kept in net pens. Individual tagging and extensive sampling (blood, white muscle, and fin clips) for genetic characterization were carried out. Each potential broodstock fish was genotyped at the haemoglobin and pantophysin I loci in addition to five allozyme (LDH-3∗, GPD∗, IDH-2∗, PGM∗, PGI-1∗) and ten microsatellite loci (Gmo2, Gmo3, Gmo8, Gmo19, Gmo34, Gmo35, Gmo36, Gmo37, Gmo132, Tch11). Comparison of allele frequencies revealed significant genetic differences among some of the coastal cod samples, and offspring performance of the broodstock is now being compared under farmed conditions. The overall test revealed significant genetic differences among the coastal broodstocks, with the HbI, PanI and the microsatellite Gmo132 loci being most informative.

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Early introduction of an inert diet and unenriched Artemia enhances growth and quality of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua ) larvae

Aquaculture Nutrition ◽

10.1111/anu.12538 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 102-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ø.J. Hansen ◽

V. Puvanendran ◽

J.P. Jøstensen ◽

I.-B. Falk-Petersen

Keyword(s):

Gadus Morhua ◽

Atlantic Cod ◽

Early Introduction ◽

Inert Diet

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Identification and distribution of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the white muscle of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor)

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ◽

10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.12.022 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 143 (4) ◽

pp. 441-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Monica G. Tingbø ◽

Svein O. Kolset ◽

Ragni Ofstad ◽

Grethe Enersen ◽

Kirsten O. Hannesson

Keyword(s):

Heparan Sulfate ◽

Gadus Morhua ◽

White Muscle ◽

Atlantic Cod ◽

Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽

Spotted Wolffish

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Simulated trawling: Exhaustive swimming followed by extreme crowding as contributing reasons to variable fillet quality in trawl-caught Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

10.1101/372581 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ragnhild Aven Svalheim ◽

Øyvind Aas-Hansen ◽

Karsten Heia ◽

Anders Karlsson-Drangsholt ◽

Stein Harris Olsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Cortisol ◽

Gadus Morhua ◽

Atlantic Cod ◽

Metabolic Stress ◽

Small Degree ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Muscle Ph ◽

Fillet Quality ◽

Capture Stress

AbstractTrawl-caught Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) often yield highly variable fillet quality that may be related to capture stress. To investigate mechanisms involved in causing variable quality, commercial-sized (3.5±0.9 kg) Atlantic cod were swum to exhaustion in a large swim tunnel and subsequently exposed to extreme crowding (736±50 kg m-3) for 0, 1 or 3 hours in an experimental cod-end. The fish were then recuperated for 0, 3 or 6 hours in a net pen prior to slaughter to assess the possibility to reverse the reduced fillet quality. We found that exhaustive swimming and crowding were associated with increased metabolic stress, as indicated by increased plasma cortisol, blood lactate and blood haematocrit levels, accompanied by reduced quality of the fillets due to increased visual redness and lower initial muscle pH. The observed negative effects of exhaustive swimming and crowding were only to a small degree reversed within 6 hours of recuperation. The results from this study suggest that exhaustive swimming followed by extreme crowding can reduce fillet quality and contribute to the variable fillet quality seen in trawl-caught Atlantic cod. Recuperation for more than six hours may be required to reverse these effects.

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Muscle growth and development in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.), related to different somatic growth rates

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.202.15.2111 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 202 (15) ◽

pp. 2111-2120 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T.F. Galloway ◽

E. Kjorsvik ◽

H. Kryvi

Keyword(s):

Gadus Morhua ◽

White Muscle ◽

Atlantic Cod ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Somatic Growth ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

First Feeding

The present study describes the development of the axial musculature in first-feeding larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with different somatic growth rates achieved by using different nutritional conditions. Muscle growth was assessed by determining the number of muscle fibres (hyperplasia) and the growth of existing fibres (hypertrophy). Larvae were fed rotifers containing a high (1. 4; treatment 1) or low (0.2; treatment 2) ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid from day 5 after hatching. From day 17, the larvae were fed Artemia nauplii with the same enrichment in both treatments. Treatment 1 gave the highest somatic growth rate and hence the highest dry mass at the end of the experiment, but no difference in larval standard length was found between treatments. In slow-growing larvae, higher priority was thus put into reaching a certain length than into increasing muscle mass. The largest fibres, which were present from hatching, increased in cross-sectional area during larval development, but no differences were found between treatments in the cross-sectional area of individual fibres or the total cross-sectional area of these fibres at the end of the experiment. The first white recruitment fibres were observed at the dorsal and ventral apices of the myotome at approximately the onset of first feeding (larval length 4.5 mm). In larvae 8.5 mm long, the total cross-sectional area of white muscle fibres in the treatment 2 group was 75 % of that in the treatment 1 group. The highest somatic growth rate was associated with an increased contribution of hyperplasia to axial white muscle growth. In the faster-growing larval group, the relative contribution of hyperplasia to the total white muscle cross-sectional area was 50 %, whereas it was 41 % in the slower-growing larval group. The subsequent growth potential may thus be negatively affected by inadequate larval feeding.

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Effect of Antarctic krillmeal on quality of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Aquaculture Research ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01615.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 37 (16) ◽

pp. 1676-1684 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ørjan Karlsen ◽

Jorma Suontama ◽

Rolf Erik Olsen

Keyword(s):

Gadus Morhua ◽

Atlantic Cod

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Quality of Nephrops as food for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with possible implications for fisheries management

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.06.017 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 61 (6) ◽

pp. 983-991 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Björn Björnsson ◽

Maria Álvaro Dongala Dombaxe

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Gadus Morhua ◽

Specific Growth ◽

Condition Factor ◽

Atlantic Cod ◽

Gonadosomatic Index ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Food Conversion ◽

The Mean

Abstract Nephrops was found to be of low quality as food for cod. In a laboratory experiment the mean specific growth rate of 1 kg cod was 0.184 and 0.415% d−1 when fed to satiation on Nephrops and capelin, respectively. This large difference in growth rate resulted not only from less intake of Nephrops (1.19 kg cod−1) than capelin (1.55 kg cod−1) but also because more Nephrops (4.6 kg) than capelin (2.2 kg) were required to produce each kilogramme of cod. Higher food conversion ratio was consistent with lower fat content of Nephrops (1.3%) than capelin (9.2%) but the exoskeleton also reduced the digestion rate of Nephrops. In the groups where Nephrops and capelin of equal mean weight were offered simultaneously, 40% of the diet consisted of Nephrops during the first week and 10% during the final seven weeks of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, condition factor, liver index, and gonadosomatic index were significantly lower for cod fed on Nephrops (0.967, 5.7, 7.1, respectively) than for those fed on capelin (1.086, 15.8, 11.2, respectively). These results suggests that predation by cod on Nephrops might be reduced by regular release of capelin or other similar food in the distributional areas of Nephrops.

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