Identification and distribution of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the white muscle of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor)

2006 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica G. Tingbø ◽  
Svein O. Kolset ◽  
Ragni Ofstad ◽  
Grethe Enersen ◽  
Kirsten O. Hannesson
Keyword(s):  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽  
Spotted Wolffish

scholarly journals Genetic characteristics of broodstock collected from four Norwegian coastal cod (Gadus morhua) populations

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dahle ◽  
K.E. Jørstad ◽  
H.E. Rusaas ◽  
H. Otterå
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Initial Selection ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Spawning Sites

Abstract The aquaculture industry in Norway is now focused on developing economically viable farming based on the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Extensive research has been carried out on this species for the past two decades, much of it in connection with stock enhancement. Until now, most of the intensive cage culture has been based on wild broodstock. However, a future cod aquaculture industry must be based on a domesticated broodstock, and the initial selection of wild cod becomes an important issue. Genetic differentiation between coastal cod populations in Norway has been reported, and it is of interest to evaluate offspring from some of these populations under farmed conditions. Live mature cod were collected at four selected spawning sites along the Norwegian coast (Porsangerfjord, Tysfjord, Herøy/Helgeland, and Øygarden). The fish were transported to Parisvatnet, a cod aquaculture facility west of Bergen, where they were kept in net pens. Individual tagging and extensive sampling (blood, white muscle, and fin clips) for genetic characterization were carried out. Each potential broodstock fish was genotyped at the haemoglobin and pantophysin I loci in addition to five allozyme (LDH-3∗, GPD∗, IDH-2∗, PGM∗, PGI-1∗) and ten microsatellite loci (Gmo2, Gmo3, Gmo8, Gmo19, Gmo34, Gmo35, Gmo36, Gmo37, Gmo132, Tch11). Comparison of allele frequencies revealed significant genetic differences among some of the coastal cod samples, and offspring performance of the broodstock is now being compared under farmed conditions. The overall test revealed significant genetic differences among the coastal broodstocks, with the HbI, PanI and the microsatellite Gmo132 loci being most informative.

Dietary influence on quality of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Effect on glycolysis and buffering capacity in white muscle

Aquaculture ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 252 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 409-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddhild Førde-Skjærvik ◽  
Olaf Skjærvik ◽  
Turid Mørkøre ◽  
Magny S. Thomassen ◽  
Kjell-Arne Rørvik
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Buffering Capacity

Muscle growth and development in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.), related to different somatic growth rates

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (15) ◽  
pp. 2111-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Galloway ◽  
E. Kjorsvik ◽  
H. Kryvi
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Feeding

The present study describes the development of the axial musculature in first-feeding larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with different somatic growth rates achieved by using different nutritional conditions. Muscle growth was assessed by determining the number of muscle fibres (hyperplasia) and the growth of existing fibres (hypertrophy). Larvae were fed rotifers containing a high (1. 4; treatment 1) or low (0.2; treatment 2) ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid from day 5 after hatching. From day 17, the larvae were fed Artemia nauplii with the same enrichment in both treatments. Treatment 1 gave the highest somatic growth rate and hence the highest dry mass at the end of the experiment, but no difference in larval standard length was found between treatments. In slow-growing larvae, higher priority was thus put into reaching a certain length than into increasing muscle mass. The largest fibres, which were present from hatching, increased in cross-sectional area during larval development, but no differences were found between treatments in the cross-sectional area of individual fibres or the total cross-sectional area of these fibres at the end of the experiment. The first white recruitment fibres were observed at the dorsal and ventral apices of the myotome at approximately the onset of first feeding (larval length 4.5 mm). In larvae 8.5 mm long, the total cross-sectional area of white muscle fibres in the treatment 2 group was 75 % of that in the treatment 1 group. The highest somatic growth rate was associated with an increased contribution of hyperplasia to axial white muscle growth. In the faster-growing larval group, the relative contribution of hyperplasia to the total white muscle cross-sectional area was 50 %, whereas it was 41 % in the slower-growing larval group. The subsequent growth potential may thus be negatively affected by inadequate larval feeding.

Nucleic acids and enzymes in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) differing in condition and growth rate trajectories

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Denis Dutil ◽  
Yvan Lambert ◽  
Helga Guderley ◽  
Pierre U Blier ◽  
Dany Pelletier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Feeding Regimes

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed to one of four feeding regimes, 16 weeks of food deprivation (U) or satiation feeding (F) or two 8-week periods of food deprivation followed by satiation feeding (UF) or vice versa (FU), to determine whether relationships between nucleic acids or enzymes and growth rates result from a general enhancement of individual condition or are a direct result of enhanced growth rates. Final condition factor (K) differed between treatments, but did not differ between the mixed treatments after either 8 weeks of negative growth (FU) or 8 weeks of positive growth (UF). Intestinal cytochrome c oxidase activity matched the expected short-term growth rates, not only in fed and unfed fish but also in cod exposed to the mixed treatments (FU and UF). White muscle lactate dehydrogenase activity reflected growth rates, but initial levels were not reached within 8 weeks in FU cod. The liver glutamate pyruvate transaminase : DNA ratio reflected differences in K, but not differences in recent growth rates. Myofibrillar proteins decreased in unfed cod, while sarcoplasmic proteins followed changes in K more closely. The RNA:DNA ratio in white muscle did not reflect changes in K or changes in growth rates.

Effects of Nutritional Regime on Correlates of Growth Rate in Juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua): Comparison of Morphological and Biochemical Measurements

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Foster ◽  
D. F. Houlihan ◽  
S. I. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Biochemical Measurements

The effects of both long-term (35 d of daily feeding, feeding every second day, or starvation) and short-term (up to 15 d of refeeding following starvation) nutritional regimes on morphological (tissue-somatic indices) and biochemical measurements (RNA concentration, RNA/protein ratio, RNA/DNA ratio, and cytochrome c oxidase activity (CCO)) were investigated for a variety of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) tissues. Liver-somatic index was the morphological index most sensitive to both the long- and short-term nutritional regimes. The majority of the tissue RNA measurements demonstrated positive linear relationships with growth rate, although stomach, intestine, and white muscle were the most sensitive tissues for all the treatments. Most of the tissues examined also showed positive linear relationships with growth rate, although stomach, intestine, and white muscle were the most sensitive tissues for all the treatments. Most of the tissues examined also showed positive linear relationships between CCO specific activity and long-term growth rate. However, tissue CCO specific activity was relatively insensitive to the short-term alterations in nutritional regime.

Fecundity, Atresia, and Egg Size of Captive Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) in Relation to Proximate Body Composition

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2333-2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Kjesbu ◽  
J. Klungsøyr ◽  
H. Kryvi ◽  
P. R. Witthames ◽  
M. Greer Walker
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Oocyte Diameter ◽  
Potential Fecundity ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Egg Diameter ◽  
High Condition

Captive Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were fed at four ration levels (starvation, maintenance, moderate, and excess) for periods of 6–9 mo prior to and during spawning. At the end of the experiment, water, protein, glycogen, and fat contents of the liver, white muscle, and ovary were estimated. The depletion of the white muscle and liver was related to oocyte maturation and in particular to the proportion of eggs spawned (PES). The influx of protein into the ovary, the mean hydrated egg diameter, and the egg dry weight all reached maximum values at 10% PES and subsequently declined. Mean vitellogenic oocyte diameter was small prior to spawning but rose to a maximum at PES = 10%. Cod with high condition factors produced more previtellogenic oocytes and used a larger fraction during vitellogenesis. Actual fecundity of specimens deprived of food during the spawning period was between 20 and 80% of the potential fecundity depending on the nutritional status of the fish. Intensity of atresia in moderate ration fish increased from 0% at PES = 0% to 33% at PES = 80%. Estimates of durations of α-atretic vitellogenic oocytes varied between 10 and 13 d at 8 °C assuming a spawning period of 50 d.

Growth Rates and Protein Turnover in Atlantic Cod,Gadus morhua

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 951-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Houlihan ◽  
S. J. Hall ◽  
C. Gray ◽  
B. S. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Protein Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, were maintained on different ration levels or starved to produce a variety of growth rates. The in vivo rates of protein synthesis and degradation were determined for the whole fish and various tissues. As ration level, and hence growth rates, increased, both whole-animal protein synthesis and degradation rates increased linearly; growth occurred because of the preponderance of synthesis over degradation. On average, a 300-g cod growing at 1.0%∙d−1synthesised 1.25 g of protein with 0.4 g of this protein remaining as growth. The proportion of total protein synthesis which was retained as growth increased with increasing growth rate; at a maximum growth rate of 2%∙d−1, over 40% of the protein synthesised was retained as growth. The ranking of the tissues in terms of fractional rates of protein synthesis was liver > gills > intestine > spleen > ventricle > stomach > gonads > white muscle. The white muscle, gills, liver, stomach, spleen, and ventricle all showed similar patterns of increased protein synthesis with increased growth rate. The white muscle has the highest efficiency of retention of protein and accounts for 40% of the total protein accretion per day. In starving fish there was a constant level of protein synthesis, irrespective of the rate of weight loss. However, degradation rates increased in the whole animal and in white muscle as the rate of weight loss increased.

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