Cosmic ray flux at the Earth in a variable heliosphere

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1171-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Scherer ◽  
H. Fichtner ◽  
B. Heber ◽  
S.E.S. Ferreira ◽  
M.S. Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

scholarly journals Tritium and Argon-39 in Stone and Iron Meteorites

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
St. Charalambus ◽  
K. Goebel ◽  
W. Stötzel-Riezler
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Earth Atmosphere ◽  
Iron Meteorites ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

Tritium and argon-39 measurements of stone and iron meteorites are reported and discussed. The tritium values of stone meteorites are in general higher than those found in other laboratories. The tritium decay rates in irons were low but a relatively high tritium value was measured in the rim of the meteorites. Factors which may influence the production rates are discussed and it is concluded that the average cosmic-ray flux which irradiated the meteorites must be at least a factor of two higher than the values reported by MacDonald for the cosmic-ray intensity at the top of the earth atmosphere.

A New Determination of Muon Directional Coupling Coefficients

1968 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-157
Author(s):  
D. J. Cooke ◽  
A. G. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Coupling Coefficients ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Directional Coupling ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux ◽  
Primary Cosmic Rays

Primary cosmic rays passing through the solar system carry with them valuable information about solar and astrophysical phenomena in the form of intensity and spectral variations. In order that this information be efficiently extracted from observations of the directional cosmic-ray flux at the surface of the Earth, it is essential to have accurate information available to enable the relating of the observed secondary cosmic-ray directions of motion and intensity to those outside the range of the disturbing terrestrial influences.

scholarly journals Calculations of temperature and barometric effects for cosmic ray flux on the Earth surface using the CORSIKA code

2013 ◽  
Vol 409 ◽  
pp. 012128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Kovylyaeva ◽  
A N Dmitrieva ◽  
N V Tolkacheva ◽  
E I Yakovleva
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

TRANSIENT DECREASES IN COSMIC RAY INTENSITY DURING THE PERIOD OCTOBER 1956 TO JANUARY 1958

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Fenton ◽  
D. C. Rose ◽  
K. G. McCracken ◽  
B. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Forbush Decrease ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Statistical Accuracy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Controlling Mechanism ◽  
Intensity Changes ◽  
Recurrence Tendency ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

Recent nucleon intensity data obtained from high counting rate recorders at Ottawa and Hobart, and subsidiary stations, have been examined for evidence for the superposition of transient decreases. It is concluded that, with the statistical accuracy now available due to the high counting rates, it is possible to distinguish two types of transient decreases in the observed variations, superimposed upon the slower 11-year intensity changes. One of these is an almost symmetrical event lasting up to 2 weeks and exhibiting a recurrence tendency of about 27 days, while the other is the more abrupt Forbush decrease which recovers over a period of several days. The evidence indicates that the intensity-controlling mechanism responsible for these short-term transient changes is able to influence the cosmic ray flux at the earth independently of other events that may be in progress at the time. There is also evidence that the physical process controlling the Forbush type of decrease operates over a volume large compared with the earth because the intensity changes at places as far apart as Ottawa, Canada, and Hobart, Tasmania, show changes that are the same within the accuracy of the measurements.

scholarly journals Influence of Solar Minimum on Cosmic Ray Flux, Mutations in viruses and Pandemics like COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajagopal Kamath ◽  
Charunayan Kamath R
Keyword(s):  
Solar Minimum ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Solar Cycle 24 ◽  
Sun Spots ◽  
Cycle 24 ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

This interdisciplinary study takes into account the effect of the cosmic ray flux on mutations in viruses that result in virulent forms that lead to the occurrence of pandemics. Solar minimum, the reduction in the activity of the Sun which occurs cyclically every 11 years and deep solar minimum that occurs once in a century or so, results in increased cosmic ray flux to the Earth, which in turn generate mutations in viruses harboured in bats and other nocturnal animals. Almost all the previous pandemics occurred during solar minimum years when the Sun spots were lowest or absent and when the solar activity was at the lowest.This study suggests that the present Covid 19 pandemic is triggered by the mutated viromes in bats from latitudes above 30 degrees N. The increase in cosmic ray flux during the solar minimum of solar cycle 24 has contributed to this. It is improbable that SARS-CoV-2 emerged through laboratory manipulation of a related SARS-CoV-like coronavirus. This study indicates that SARS CoV 2 emerged as a result of biological and astrophysical processes.

scholarly journals The Regener-Pfotzer Maximum During a Total Solar Eclipse

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon McIntosh ◽  
Alaina Swanson ◽  
Liam Taylor ◽  
Erick Paul Agrimson ◽  
Kaye Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Radiation Intensity ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
Interaction Layer ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

The Regener-Pfotzer (RP) maximum is the altitude at which cosmic radiation intensity is the greatest. A decrease of the altitude of the interaction layer, assumed to be measured by the RP maximum, has been suggested to account for a reduction in the secondary cosmic ray flux measured at the surface of the Earth during a total solar eclipse. To investigate this suggestion, high altitude cosmic radiation was measured using Geiger Mueller (GM) counters carried beneath weather balloons both before and during the total solar eclipse on 21 August 2017. The 19 and 20 August 2017 omnidirectional RP maxima occurred at an average altitude of 20.2 km ± 0.9 km. During the eclipse of 21 August 2017 the omnidirectional RP maxima occurred at an altitude of 20.4 km ± 0.8 km. The 19 and 20 August 2017 vertical coincidence RP maxima occurred at an altitude of 18.3 km ± 1.0 km. During the eclipse the vertical coincidence RP maxima occurred at 18.0 km ± 1.0 km. Our results do not show any decrease in the altitude of either the omnidirectional or the vertical coincidence RP maximum outside the range of our measurements before the eclipse.

An Anomalous Forbush Decrease

1968 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 146-148
Author(s):  
J. E. Humble
Keyword(s):  
Forbush Decrease ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Solar Origin ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

Ground level detectors observed several major changes in the primary cosmic-ray flux during November 4960. Large increases, of solar origin, occurred on November 12 and 15, and a smaller one on November 20. The galactic flux in the region of the Earth was severely reduced by a Forbush decrease on November 12, and remained notably depressed until November 25. Considerable magnetic activity was observed throughout the period. Several models have been proposed to account for these observations.

Directional measurements of the cosmic-ray daily variation at a vertical depth of 60 m.w.e. in London

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S788-S793 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Peacock ◽  
J. C. Dutt ◽  
T. Thambyahpillai
Keyword(s):  
Solar Minimum ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Statistical Accuracy ◽  
Daily Variations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux ◽  
Very High

Semicubical telescopes pointing in the vertical direction and inclined cubical telescopes pointing in the east and north directions have been employed to measure the cosmic-ray daily variation at an underground site in London. Although the statistical accuracy of the measured daily variations is not very high, there are strong indications that during 1965, which was the year of maximum cosmic-ray flux associated with the last solar minimum, tire upper limiting rigidity of the corotation anisotropy (with time of maximum at 1800 h) was reduced to such low values that a Compton–Getting effect due to the motion of the earth around the sun became observable. Also, the atmospheric contribution to the measured solar daily variations appears to be very small. There is no evidence for an enhancement of the observable sidereal daily variation associated with the lowering of the upper limiting rigidity of the corotation anisotropy.

scholarly journals The contribution of nearby supernova remnants on the cosmic ray flux at Earth

2020 ◽  
Vol 493 (2) ◽  
pp. 1960-1981
Author(s):  
A A L-Zetoun ◽  
A Achterberg
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Anisotropic Diffusion ◽  
Supernova Remnants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Source Position ◽  
Galactic Magnetic Field ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

ABSTRACT We consider anisotropic diffusion of Galactic cosmic rays in the Galactic magnetic field, using the Jansson–Farrar model for the field. In this paper, we investigate the influence of source position on the cosmic ray flux at the Earth in two ways: (1) by considering the contribution from cosmic ray sources located in different intervals in Galactocentric radius, and (2) by considering the contribution from a number of specific and individual close-by supernova remnants. Our calculation is performed by using a fully three-dimensional stochastic method. This method is based on the numerical solution of a set of stochastic differential equations, equivalent to Itô formulation, that describes the propagation of the Galactic cosmic rays.

scholarly journals Australian Cosmic Ray Modulation Research

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Duldig
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Loss Cone ◽  
Cosmic Ray Modulation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Spaceship Earth ◽  
The University ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux ◽  
Ground Level Enhancements

AbstractAustralian research into variations of the cosmic ray flux arriving at the Earth has played a pivotal role for more than 50 years. The work has been largely led by the groups from the University of Tasmania and the Australian Antarctic Division, and has involved the operation of neutron monitors and muon telescopes from many sites. In this paper, the achievements of the Australian researchers are reviewed and future experiments are described. Particular highlights include: the determination of cosmic ray modulation parameters; the development of techniques for modelling ground-level enhancements; the confirmation of the Tail-In and Loss-Cone sidereal anisotropies; the Spaceship Earth collaboration; and the Solar Cycle latitude survey.

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