ABSTRACTBiofilm formation is a common mechanism for surviving environmental stress and can be triggered by both intraspecies and interspecies interactions. Prolonged predator-prey interactions between the soil bacteriumMyxococcus xanthusandBacillus subtiliswere found to induce the formation of a new type ofB. subtilisbiofilm, termed megastructures. Megastructures are tree-like brachiations that are as large as 500 μm in diameter, are raised above the surface between 150 and 200 μm, and are filled with viable endospores embedded within a dense matrix. Megastructure formation did not depend on TasA, EpsE, SinI, RemA, or surfactin production and thus is genetically distinguishable from colony biofilm formation on MSgg medium. AsB. subtilisendospores are not susceptible to predation byM. xanthus, megastructures appear to provide an alternative mechanism for survival. In addition,M. xanthusfruiting bodies were found immediately adjacent to the megastructures in nearly all instances, suggesting thatM. xanthusis unable to acquire sufficient nutrients from cells housed within the megastructures. Lastly, aB. subtilismutant lacking the ability to defend itself via bacillaene production formed megastructures more rapidly than the parent. Together, the results indicate that production of the megastructure facilitatesB. subtilisescape into dormancy via sporulation.
Induction of surfactin production in Bacillus subtilis by gsp, a gene located upstream of the gramicidin S operon in Bacillus brevis.
