The relationship between food calling and agonistic behaviour in wild chimpanzees

AbstractThis study relates changes in social play of kittens to the development of predatory behaviour. Firstly, it documents the development of predatory motor patterns in young cats between the age of 4 and 12 weeks. Correlations between measures of predatory behaviour were found to break down in the 8 to 12 week period of development. Secondly, it examines the development of social play over the same time course. Correlations between some measures of play were also found to break down between 8 and 12 weeks of age. Finally, measures of social play were correlated with measures of predatory behaviour before and after 8 weeks of age. Some measures of play were found to show increased correlations with predatory behaviour as kittens grew older, others were found to show less association with age. It is concluded that these changes in association between measures of play and predation probably reflect a reorganization of play behaviour. Different play patterns appeared to progressively come under separate types of control as kittens developed. Some patterns were becoming controlled by the same factors as those controlling predatory behaviour, others by those factors that control agonistic behaviour. In addition, the relationship between the timing of the onset of social play and predatory behaviour is examined.

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Integrity of a Red Deer Stag Group During the Velvet Period, Association of Individuals and Timing of Antler Cleaning

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853985x00172 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 95 (3-4) ◽

pp. 314-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vaclav Perner ◽

Ludek Bartos

Keyword(s):

Red Deer ◽

Dominance Hierarchy ◽

Close Association ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Agonistic Behaviour ◽

Dominance Index ◽

Antler Growth ◽

Apparent Relationship ◽

Antler Cycle ◽

The Relationship

AbstractPrevious studies on a "white" red deer herd at Zehušice, Czechoslovakia showed that a stag's antler casting and cleaning dates were related to his rank in the dominance hierarchy. The relationship was less apparent with antler cleaning than with casting. It was suggested that this is a consequence of disintegration of the bachelor group during the period of antler growth. A group of 14 individually recognised stags in a 1.26 km2 enclosure were observed 77 times between March 15th and August 22nd 1983. The number of stag groups, the distribution of stags into groups and the number of solitary stags was recorded on each occasion. For each observation the "relative dominance index" (RDI, rank position within a group divided by the number of stags in the group) was calculated for each individual. Correlation coefficients between antler cleaning dates and summed RDI values were calculated. As in previous seasons, and in contrast to the period preceding antler casting, the bachelor group disintegrated during the velvet period. As antler cleaning approached the stags tended to disperse into more groups and separate from other deer. The stags associated with others of similar rank and age. There was a close association between summed RDI values for individual stags for the last two weeks of the velvet period and dates of antler cleaning. Among pairs of stags which were closest associates during this period, the higher ranking stag always cleaned earlier. It is concluded that the disintegration of the bachelor group in the period before antler cleaning may be the major factor which causes a less apparent relationship between rank and the date of antler cleaning than between rank and date of antler casting. It is suggested that these two points in the antler cycle are regulated by hormones modulated by agonistic behaviour related to rank.

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The Agonistic Behaviour of Juvenile Blennius Pholis L. (Teleostei)

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853967x00325 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 30 (2-3) ◽

pp. 192-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

R.N. Gibson

Keyword(s):

Size Difference ◽

Agonistic Behaviour ◽

Common Elements ◽

X 43 ◽

Dominant Fish ◽

The Difference ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship ◽

Aggressive Drive ◽

Main Factor

AbstractThe agonistic behaviour of juvenile Blennius pholis, L. was observed in tanks of 28 x 43 x 30 cm and 75 x 40 x 30 cm, the larger tanks thus having a floor area 2.5 times that of the smaller tanks. The smaller tanks contained two fish, the larger ones either two or five fish. Those containing five fish thus had a population density equivalent to the smaller tanks. Eight main elements of agonistic behaviour were observed. They were; advancing, threatening, charging, snapping, fleeing, chasing, retreating and submitting. It was found that charging, fleeing, and chasing were by far the most common elements performed. Charging, threatening and chasing were performed most frequently by dominant fish, fleeing and retreating by subordinate fish. Advancing was performed more or less equally by both dominant and subordinate fish. It is suggested that submission is a displacement activity. Size difference was the main factor deciding dominance and the intensity of aggression, but the onset of light, food, available space, and the activity of the fish concerned were also of importance. The size of the tank and the number of fish it contained had an effect upon the relationship between size difference and the intensity of aggression. In the smaller tanks the intensity of aggression was directly related to the difference in size between the two fish. This relationship was not as clear in the larger tanks. Territoriality in the normally accepted sense of the word was not observed, because the fish were not seen to defend any particular area of the tank against others. A hypothesis suggesting the existence of 'individual distances' is put forward, in which the fish are considered to defend a particular area of space around themselves. These individual distances fluctuate in size according to the state of the aggressive drive of the individual and the amount of space available to it for movement. An attempt is made to relate the behaviour observed in the laboratory to that occurring in nature.

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Function of grunts, girneys and coo calls of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in relation to call usage, age and dominance relationships

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/1568539x-00003330 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 153 (2) ◽

pp. 125-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Noriko Katsu ◽

Kazunori Yamada ◽

Masayuki Nakamichi

Keyword(s):

Social Context ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Macaca Fuscata ◽

Japanese Macaques ◽

Agonistic Behaviour ◽

Dominance Relationships ◽

Call Usage ◽

Female Japanese Macaques ◽

The Relationship ◽

Communicative Abilities

We investigated how the context of the production of vocalizations used in social interactions among Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) affects their outcome. We focused on a variety of soft vocalizations, including three acoustically distinct call types: grunts, girneys, and coo calls. We predicted that call outcomes would be influenced by call combinations and exchanges, and by the relationship between the caller and the recipient. We observed social interactions among female Japanese macaques, and found that individuals were less likely to initiate agonistic behaviour when they emitted calls. Call exchanges and call combinations increased the occurrence of affiliative interactions. The probability of affiliative interaction following a given type of call differed according to the relationship between the caller and the recipient. These findings suggest that recipients interpret these calls within a social context; they also demonstrate the existence of complex communicative abilities that integrate vocalizations and context in these monkeys.

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Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900101032 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 239-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

F. J. Kerr

Keyword(s):

Central Region ◽

Galactic Plane ◽

Neutral Hydrogen ◽

Continuum Emission ◽

Galactic Centre ◽

Interstellar Gas ◽

Hydrogen Recombination ◽

The Galaxy ◽

Centre Region ◽

The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

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The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽

10.1017/s0094837300025707 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 6 (02) ◽

pp. 146-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

William A. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Critical Points ◽

Scleractinian Corals ◽

Convincing Evidence ◽

Early Triassic ◽

Rugose Corals ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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Choosing a Markov blanket

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19002632 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Parr

Keyword(s):

Markov Blanket ◽

Target Article ◽

The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

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Tinkering with cognitive gadgets: Cultural evolutionary psychology meets active inference

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19001018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Benjamin Badcock ◽

Axel Constant ◽

Maxwell James Désormeau Ramstead

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Psychology ◽

Research Program ◽

Active Inference ◽

Innovative Research ◽

Cognitive Faculties ◽

Cultural Evolutionary ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Cognitive Gadgets offers a new, convincing perspective on the origins of our distinctive cognitive faculties, coupled with a clear, innovative research program. Although we broadly endorse Heyes’ ideas, we raise some concerns about her characterisation of evolutionary psychology and the relationship between biology and culture, before discussing the potential fruits of examining cognitive gadgets through the lens of active inference.

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Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100068291 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 260-261

Author(s):

Robert M. Glaeser

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Particle Flux ◽

Unit Area ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Resolution Image ◽

High Resolution Image ◽

Pass Through ◽

Counting Statistics ◽

The Relationship ◽

Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

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