The Agonistic Behaviour of Juvenile Blennius Pholis L. (Teleostei)

Behaviour ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 30 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 192-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.N. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Size Difference ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
X 43 ◽  
Dominant Fish ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Aggressive Drive ◽  
Main Factor

AbstractThe agonistic behaviour of juvenile Blennius pholis, L. was observed in tanks of 28 x 43 x 30 cm and 75 x 40 x 30 cm, the larger tanks thus having a floor area 2.5 times that of the smaller tanks. The smaller tanks contained two fish, the larger ones either two or five fish. Those containing five fish thus had a population density equivalent to the smaller tanks. Eight main elements of agonistic behaviour were observed. They were; advancing, threatening, charging, snapping, fleeing, chasing, retreating and submitting. It was found that charging, fleeing, and chasing were by far the most common elements performed. Charging, threatening and chasing were performed most frequently by dominant fish, fleeing and retreating by subordinate fish. Advancing was performed more or less equally by both dominant and subordinate fish. It is suggested that submission is a displacement activity. Size difference was the main factor deciding dominance and the intensity of aggression, but the onset of light, food, available space, and the activity of the fish concerned were also of importance. The size of the tank and the number of fish it contained had an effect upon the relationship between size difference and the intensity of aggression. In the smaller tanks the intensity of aggression was directly related to the difference in size between the two fish. This relationship was not as clear in the larger tanks. Territoriality in the normally accepted sense of the word was not observed, because the fish were not seen to defend any particular area of the tank against others. A hypothesis suggesting the existence of 'individual distances' is put forward, in which the fish are considered to defend a particular area of space around themselves. These individual distances fluctuate in size according to the state of the aggressive drive of the individual and the amount of space available to it for movement. An attempt is made to relate the behaviour observed in the laboratory to that occurring in nature.

Canons to the Left of Him: Brevard Childs, his Critics, and the Future of Old Testament Theology

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Provan
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Biblical Theology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Probable Origin ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

It is well known that the seeds from which the modern discipline of OT theology grew are already found in 17th and 18th century discussion of the relationship between Bible and Church, which tended to drive a wedge between the two, regarding canon in historical rather than theological terms; stressing the difference between what is transient and particular in the Bible and what is universal and of abiding significance; and placing the task of deciding which is which upon the shoulders of the individual reader rather than upon the church. Free investigation of the Bible, unfettered by church tradition and theology, was to be the way ahead. OT theology finds its roots more particularly in the 18th century discussion of the nature of and the relationship between Biblical Theology and Dogmatic Theology, and in particular in Gabler's classic theoreticalstatementof their nature and relationship. The first book which may strictly be called an OT theology appeared in 1796: an historical discussion of the ideas to be found in the OT, with an emphasis on their probable origin and the stages through which Hebrew religious thought had passed, compared and contrasted with the beliefs of other ancient peoples, and evaluated from the point of view of rationalistic religion. Here we find the unreserved acceptance of Gabler's principle that OT theology must in the first instance be a descriptive and historical discipline, freed from dogmatic constraints and resistant to the premature merging of OT and NT — a principle which in the succeeding century was accepted by writers across the whole theological spectrum, including those of orthodox and conservative inclination.

scholarly journals Self-efficacy, Adaptability and Intention of Searching for Vocational Guidance in Adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Augusto Matteo Ambiel ◽  
Thaline da Cunha Moreira ◽  
Dianniffer Aparecida Oliveira ◽  
Edson Cardoso Pereira ◽  
Débora Noemi Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Vocational Guidance ◽  
Career Adaptability ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Vocational guidance (VG) involves several variables that can help the individual to make a professional choice and build his or her career. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between self-efficacy for professional choice and career adaptability in high school students, as well as to verify possible differences regarding the intention or not to participate in a VG process. 272 students participated in this study, from a public school, aged between 14 and 19 years, 51.5% female. A Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Self-efficacy Scale for Professional Choice (EAE-EP) and the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS-Brazil) were applied. From the Pearson correlation analysis, ANOVA and Cohen’s d, the results indicated positive correlations between the constructs, in addition, it was observed the difference between the students who would like or not to undergo a VG process. Implications for the practice are discussed.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Biomechanical Indicators of the Snatch Technique and Female Weightlifters' Levels

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Szyszka ◽  
Andrzej Mastalerz
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
World Championship ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction. The snatch technique is a discipline in Olympic weightlifting. The lifter has to raise the barbell from the platform directly above their head in one movement. While reviewing the literature on biomechanical analysis of the techniques of weightlifting, one can find positions on the analysis of parameters, such as barbell track, horizontal displacement, and angular positions of the joints in the individual phases of the lifter's movement. Many texts concern female and male lifters taking part in World or European Championships. The parameters of the best competitors are outlined - mostly those who finish in the top five places in competition. Mostly these are parameters regarding male lifters, and less frequently those of female lifters. In the literature review, an overlooked aspect is that of the definition of the diversity of indicators as regards the snatch technique practiced by female lifters depending on score. Material and methods. In the research, registered snatch attempts during the World Championship were used. Videos were used by judges to establish a maximum weight limit for female lifters. The attempts were registered by two cameras and were later digitally processed by the APAS 2000 system. Barbell parameters, maximum speed, average of the bar, and the parameters of the lifter-bar collocation (horizontal displacement of barbell weights and height elevation) were assessed. Results. The analysed attempts show the margin of error for measurement of the average speed of the barbell as 0.03 m/s. The difference in maximum speed of analysed attempts is 15%. The height of clearance of the first-placed female lifter's barbell was 12.7 cm, 30 cm for the last-placed. Conclusions. The sporting level of weightlifting by female lifters influences the analysed biomechanical indicators of the snatch. Those indicators, which are similar in the case of both the World Championship winner and the female lifter who came last, may be described as the average speeds of the barbell. The high sporting level of female lifters performing heavy lifting is characterized by the clearance of the barbell.

scholarly journals A Psychological Account of the Unique Decline in Anti-Gay Attitudes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kumar ◽  
Aditi Kodipady ◽  
Liane Young
Keyword(s):  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Anti-gay attitudes have declined in the U.S. The magnitude, speed, and demographic scope of this change have been impressive especially in comparison with prejudice against other marginalized groups. We develop a psychological account of the unique decline in anti-gay bias in the context of background cultural and political conditions. We highlight two key psychological mechanisms: interpersonal connection and social category classification. First, many people have discovered that a close friend or family member or an admired individual is gay, motivating them to identify the harm and discrimination faced by the individual they know, and catalyzing moral consistency reasoning such that they generalize this interpersonal insight to strangers. Second, many people take an essentialist stance toward social categories, including sexual orientation, leading them to infer that being gay is genetically determined and not subject to free choice or moral responsibility, nor mutable and worth attempting to change. We contrast this to the relationship between essentialism and attitudes toward women and people of color, and provide an account of the difference. This psychological account has implications for the future decline of anti-gay attitudes, in the U.S. and other countries, along with the nascent decline of anti-trans attitudes.

scholarly journals The Economical Factors Affecting Residential Property Price: The Case of Penang Island

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholamreza Zandi ◽  
Mahadevan A/L Supramaniam ◽  
Ayesha Aslam ◽  
Lai Kin Theng
Keyword(s):  
Housing Price ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Service Department ◽  
Property Price ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Main Factor

<p>The main purpose of this study is to investigate the economical factors which are effecting on the residence property price in the specific state of Malaysia called “Penang”. For this research, secondary data were collected from Bank Negara Malaysia, Department of Statistic Malaysia, Ministry of Finance Malaysia and Valuation and Property Service Department. All the economical factors are on a yearly basis from 2007 to 2014. The study was directed to verify the relationship between the economical factors and housing price in Penang. Both the individual effects and the interactive effects are analyzed. According to the analysis and calculations, the main factor Base Lending Rate (BLR) and second most effecting factor Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are the strong Factors which affect the property prices in Penang.</p>

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Innovation Skill and Entrepreneurship on Bachelor Students of Sports Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Alpaslan Baki Ertekin
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Purposeful Sampling ◽  
Pearson Correlation Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Innovation And Entrepreneurship

It is a fact that the concept of innovation, which is a necessity in every field today, is now indispensable in the sports sector. Especially, it is thought that determining the relationship between the innovation skills of the students in sports education institutions and the entrepreneurship of the students who are candidates to work in the sports sector is important in the development of innovation awareness of the students who will work in this field in the future. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship skills of individuals who receive sports education according to different variables. The study group was formed by the voluntary participation of 240 people, 161 males (67.1%) 79 females (32.9%), studying at the School of Physical Education and Sports at Istanbul Gelişim University, and selected by the purposeful sampling method. In addition to the personal information form, the Individual Innovativeness Scale (IIS) developed by Hurt et al. (1977) and adapted into Turkish by Sarıoğlu (2014), and the Entrepreneurship Scale (ES) developed by Yılmaz and Sünbül (2009) to measure the entrepreneurship levels of university students were used as data collection tools. After the data showed normal distribution, T-Test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Test were used in the analyses, and the Tukey test was used to determine the difference between the groups. According to the results, it was determined that the innovation skills and entrepreneurship levels of the individuals’ varied according to different variables. As a result, it was determined that as the innovation skills of students studying at institutions providing sports education increased, their level of entrepreneurship also increased.

Lifestyle and Ageing

1981 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex Taylor ◽  
Graeme Ford
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definitions Of Life ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
British Study ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with the nature, usage and potential of the concept of lifestyle. It concentrates on usage in social gerontology and specifically on the way in which it has been used by three teams of American researchers. Its overall aim is to discover guidelines for establishing the lifestyle concept on a sounder methodological footing.The paper begins with a discussion of diversity within the elderly population and it identifies the need for a systematic conceptual scheme for describing the social life of the individual. It examines the relationship between lifestyle and social class and concludes that they represent complementary rather than competing approaches. The paper goes on to explore three definitions of life-style - as structure, content and meaning - and compares and contrasts these three alternative approaches. The difference between ‘nominal’ and ‘real’ definitions is discussed and the paper ends with a summary account of the way in which the concept has been operationalized in a continuing British study.

scholarly journals A PERSON IN A DIGITAL SOCIETY: SUBJECT VERSUS OBJECT

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Юрий Александрович Чернавин
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Information Space ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Information Structures ◽  
Digital Society ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Object Dynamics

В статье рассматривается взаимодействие информационных структур цифрового общества и человека сквозь призму их характеристик как субъекта и объекта. На фоне противостояния двух основных тенденций развития современной мировой цивилизации - гуманизма и технократизма - анализируются возможности, механизмы, направления и противоречивые последствия субъектно-объектной динамики в отношениях «информационное пространство - информационный человек». Обосновывается положение о доминировании человека-субъекта как творца общества знания, вывод о необходимости разработки и сути соответствующего типа культуры в качестве главного фактора, обеспечивающего данный статус личности. The article deals with the interaction of information structures of digital society and man through the prism of their characteristics as a subject and object. Against the background of the opposition of two main trends in the development of modern world civilization - humanism and technocratism - the author analyzes the possibilities, mechanisms, directions and contradictory con-sequences of subject-object dynamics in the relationship «information space - information man». The article substantiates the position of the dominance of the human subject as the Creator of the knowledge society, the conclusion about the need to develop and essence of the corresponding type of culture as the main factor ensuring this status of the individual.

scholarly journals Scramble in behaviour and ecology

2000 ◽  
Vol 355 (1403) ◽  
pp. 1637-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionarily Stable Strategy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Patchy Habitat ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resource Input ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable ◽  
Ideal Free

Nicholson's distinction between ‘scramble’ and ‘contest’ modes of competition has received widespread attention in ecology and in behaviour, though the emphasis has been different between the two disciplines. In ecology the focus has been on the effects on population; in behavioural ecology the focus has been on the consequences at the individual level. This paper reviews and develops a theory of scramble competition at the individual level, deriving a general evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for individual scramble expenditure in a patchy habitat in which individuals compete in local groups for available resources, and examines two population consequences. The critical parameter determining the relationship between individual scramble expenditure and the number of competitors in a patch is the expected resource per capita. If resource input, R , to a patch is constant and independent of the number of competitors, n , then as the number of competitors increases, the per–capita resources declines as R / n , and the ESS scramble level declines (in proportion to ( n −1)/ n 2 ). However, if the resource input to a patch is positively related to the number of competitors in the patch, scramble expenditure may increase with the number of competitors. In the case where the per–capita resource input stays constant (i.e. R ( n ) = Rn ), the scramble level increases with competitor number (in proportion to ( n −1)/ n ). There are plausible ecological reasons why either of these extreme limits may be approached in nature, making it important to ascertain the relationship between R and n before predicting individual scramble expenditure. For example, resource input may be constant when groups of competitors are constrained to remain together in given patches, and constant per–capita resources may be approached when ideal–free foraging rules apply. However, in the latter case, scramble expenditure must be accounted for in determining the idealfree distribution. An analysis shows that this leads to ‘undermatching’, i.e. the ratio of numbers of competitors for good/bad patches becomes progressively less than the ratio of input rates for good/bad patches as the difference between the good and bad patches increases. A second population consequence of the scramble ESS relates to the fact that scrambles may dramatically affect fitness. The per–capita gain in energy can be reduced by a factor of up to 1/ n as a result of scramble expenditure, potentially reducing realized population size to as little as the square root of the maximum potential carrying capacity, though reasons are given why such large reductions are unlikely.

scholarly journals The study of association between the companies market value and the oil and gas reserve value

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bazhar Abdulrahman ◽  
Kahi Ilham Abdal
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oil And Gas Companies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Annual Amount

This research investigates the relationship between oil and gas reserves value and oil and gas company's market value by using samples of oil and gas companies which internationally base from 2007 to 2011. Additionally, in order to find the overall relationship between oil and gas reserves and the company’s market value, this research has found the average value of oil and gas reserves in the year and then used the calculated market value which has been calculated by the researcher (cohort study). To find the individual association between oil and gas reserves value and oil and gas market value, this research has found the correlation by using excel spreadsheet and used the annual amount of oil and gas reserves then multiplied by annual averages of oil and gas prices (panel study). Additionally, in order to find the relationship between oil and gas reserves and company’s market value, this research has found the allocated companies' market value. The overall result of this research shows there is a positive relationship between oil and gas reserves value and oil and gas company's market value. Besides, for the individual relationship between oil and reserves value and oil and gas company's market value, the result was different from company to company and the difference can be there depending on the company reserves amount, companies' strategies toward reserves disclosure and the company size.

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