The Relationship between Agonistic Behaviour and Population Changes in the Deermouse, Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner)

10.2307/2654 ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. F. S. Sadleir
Keyword(s):  
Peromyscus Maniculatus ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
The Relationship

Predatory Behaviour and Social Play in Kittens

Behaviour ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 76 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. Caro
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Social Play ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Play Behaviour ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study relates changes in social play of kittens to the development of predatory behaviour. Firstly, it documents the development of predatory motor patterns in young cats between the age of 4 and 12 weeks. Correlations between measures of predatory behaviour were found to break down in the 8 to 12 week period of development. Secondly, it examines the development of social play over the same time course. Correlations between some measures of play were also found to break down between 8 and 12 weeks of age. Finally, measures of social play were correlated with measures of predatory behaviour before and after 8 weeks of age. Some measures of play were found to show increased correlations with predatory behaviour as kittens grew older, others were found to show less association with age. It is concluded that these changes in association between measures of play and predation probably reflect a reorganization of play behaviour. Different play patterns appeared to progressively come under separate types of control as kittens developed. Some patterns were becoming controlled by the same factors as those controlling predatory behaviour, others by those factors that control agonistic behaviour. In addition, the relationship between the timing of the onset of social play and predatory behaviour is examined.

Influence on the variation in initiation of breeding in Peromyscus maniculatus

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 698-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean T. Sharpe ◽  
J. S. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Peromyscus Maniculatus ◽  
Nest Site ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Stream Beds ◽  
Timing Of Initiation ◽  
Overwinter Mortality ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Forest Habitats

Correlates of the initiation of breeding by female Peromyscus maniculatus borealis (Mearns) were examined to test the hypotheses that asynchronous breeding was related to age, weight, matriline, and nest-site habitat. Life-history data were collected by mark–recapture techniques and by monitoring natal nests over two breeding seasons in 1985 and 1986. Timing of initiation of breeding was related significantly to nest-site habitat and age, but not to matriline or weight. At approximately the same altitude, females nesting in dry rocky stream beds bred first, followed by those in open rock fields, then shrub areas, and last in subalpine forest. Youngest animals bred first in all habitats, although the relationship between age and initiation date was weak. Habitat effects appeared to be primarily related to microclimatic effects. The influence of habitat on the timing of initiation of breeding also had consequences for reproductive success, total reproductive output, and survival. Reproductive success of first litters was greatest for females nesting in rocky stream beds in the spring and least for females nesting in shrub and forest habitats. The apparent advantages of early breeding in rocky stream beds were offset by greater overwinter mortality.

scholarly journals Housing Price and Population Changes: Growing vs Shrinking Cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Yalan Feng ◽  
Taewon Kim ◽  
Daniel C Lee
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Housing Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Population Variable ◽  
Mortgage Rates ◽  
The Relationship

Housing prices in the United States experienced a significant meltdown during the Great Recession. Since then, the housing market has seen a nationwide recovery, even over-heating in some regions. In this paper, we look back at that era and study the possible impact of population changes on housing markets in 2010-2017. Our focus is not to look at how the housing market recovered from the recession per se. Rather, our study is to look at the relationship between population changes and their impact on housing prices, even during the recovery period. In addition to the population variable, our model employs a few other factors known to affect housing prices, such as the unemployment rate, the GDP per capita, mortgage rates and the housing supply.

scholarly journals The relationship between food calling and agonistic behaviour in wild chimpanzees

2020 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 104182
Author(s):  
Géraldine Ischer ◽  
Klaus Zuberbühler ◽  
Pawel Fedurek
Keyword(s):  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
The Relationship

Integrity of a Red Deer Stag Group During the Velvet Period, Association of Individuals and Timing of Antler Cleaning

Behaviour ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 95 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaclav Perner ◽  
Ludek Bartos
Keyword(s):  
Red Deer ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Antler Growth ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Antler Cycle ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPrevious studies on a "white" red deer herd at Zehušice, Czechoslovakia showed that a stag's antler casting and cleaning dates were related to his rank in the dominance hierarchy. The relationship was less apparent with antler cleaning than with casting. It was suggested that this is a consequence of disintegration of the bachelor group during the period of antler growth. A group of 14 individually recognised stags in a 1.26 km2 enclosure were observed 77 times between March 15th and August 22nd 1983. The number of stag groups, the distribution of stags into groups and the number of solitary stags was recorded on each occasion. For each observation the "relative dominance index" (RDI, rank position within a group divided by the number of stags in the group) was calculated for each individual. Correlation coefficients between antler cleaning dates and summed RDI values were calculated. As in previous seasons, and in contrast to the period preceding antler casting, the bachelor group disintegrated during the velvet period. As antler cleaning approached the stags tended to disperse into more groups and separate from other deer. The stags associated with others of similar rank and age. There was a close association between summed RDI values for individual stags for the last two weeks of the velvet period and dates of antler cleaning. Among pairs of stags which were closest associates during this period, the higher ranking stag always cleaned earlier. It is concluded that the disintegration of the bachelor group in the period before antler cleaning may be the major factor which causes a less apparent relationship between rank and the date of antler cleaning than between rank and date of antler casting. It is suggested that these two points in the antler cycle are regulated by hormones modulated by agonistic behaviour related to rank.

Incubation weight loss in the mallard

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Gatti
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
The Relationship

Incubating mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) hens were trapped on their nests in southern Manitoba during 1975–1977 to document weight trends. In 1975, hens lost an average of 7.4 g per day incubating, 18% of the calculated initial body weight. Weight lost during incubation was greatest (27%) for early nesting hens and lowest in late nesting hens (11%). Weight loss patterns were less clear but changes were lower in magnitude in 1976. Possible explanations relating to weather and local population changes are discussed. Recapture weights of individual hens support the relationship between incubation weight loss and nesting chronology.

The Agonistic Behaviour of Juvenile Blennius Pholis L. (Teleostei)

Behaviour ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 30 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 192-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.N. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Size Difference ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
X 43 ◽  
Dominant Fish ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Aggressive Drive ◽  
Main Factor

AbstractThe agonistic behaviour of juvenile Blennius pholis, L. was observed in tanks of 28 x 43 x 30 cm and 75 x 40 x 30 cm, the larger tanks thus having a floor area 2.5 times that of the smaller tanks. The smaller tanks contained two fish, the larger ones either two or five fish. Those containing five fish thus had a population density equivalent to the smaller tanks. Eight main elements of agonistic behaviour were observed. They were; advancing, threatening, charging, snapping, fleeing, chasing, retreating and submitting. It was found that charging, fleeing, and chasing were by far the most common elements performed. Charging, threatening and chasing were performed most frequently by dominant fish, fleeing and retreating by subordinate fish. Advancing was performed more or less equally by both dominant and subordinate fish. It is suggested that submission is a displacement activity. Size difference was the main factor deciding dominance and the intensity of aggression, but the onset of light, food, available space, and the activity of the fish concerned were also of importance. The size of the tank and the number of fish it contained had an effect upon the relationship between size difference and the intensity of aggression. In the smaller tanks the intensity of aggression was directly related to the difference in size between the two fish. This relationship was not as clear in the larger tanks. Territoriality in the normally accepted sense of the word was not observed, because the fish were not seen to defend any particular area of the tank against others. A hypothesis suggesting the existence of 'individual distances' is put forward, in which the fish are considered to defend a particular area of space around themselves. These individual distances fluctuate in size according to the state of the aggressive drive of the individual and the amount of space available to it for movement. An attempt is made to relate the behaviour observed in the laboratory to that occurring in nature.

Methods for Indexing the Income of the Population with an Increase in Consumer Prices

2021 ◽  
pp. 150-156
Author(s):  
Alina A. Dzusova
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
The State ◽  
Price Regulation ◽  
Money Income ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
Economic Practice ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Compensatory Regulation

The article deals with the formation of money income of the population, changes in the formation of consumer goods and needs for them, including under the influence of pricing, the structural volumes of goods offered for sale with different consumer properties and values. The problem of dynamics and the level of growth in prices for consumer goods is considered from the standpoint of disclosing the relationship between the emerging incomes of the population, inflation, methods of indexation and compensatory regulation. The formation of the incomes of the population of Russia is characterized not only by an insufficiency in relation to existing needs, but also by many contradictions that restrain their correspondence with the goals of improving welfare. At the same time, the need to identify the changes in trends and patterns taking place in the economy and social practice becomes a condition for the possible improvement of the tasks being solved not only in increasing the income of the population, but also in regulating them in consumption and efficiency of use. In practice and in research results, the lack of a systematic nature of the tasks being solved is recorded (generalized) both in price regulation and in the indexation of income in guaranteed rates corresponding to the dynamics of real inflation indicators, its level positions, which are taken into account not only in the emerging wages in monetary form, but also in various benefits that are paid by the state. The solution of these problems requires further detailed scientific research of the processes actually occurring in economic practice with the use of methods for indexing the income of the population with an increase in consumer prices. The supply of consumer goods on the market, which does not have a profitable orientation towards their purchases, in our opinion, will always exacerbate the problem of choosing methods of price regulation, both on the part of the state and commodity producers.

Function of grunts, girneys and coo calls of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in relation to call usage, age and dominance relationships

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Katsu ◽  
Kazunori Yamada ◽  
Masayuki Nakamichi
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Call Usage ◽  
Female Japanese Macaques ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Communicative Abilities

We investigated how the context of the production of vocalizations used in social interactions among Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) affects their outcome. We focused on a variety of soft vocalizations, including three acoustically distinct call types: grunts, girneys, and coo calls. We predicted that call outcomes would be influenced by call combinations and exchanges, and by the relationship between the caller and the recipient. We observed social interactions among female Japanese macaques, and found that individuals were less likely to initiate agonistic behaviour when they emitted calls. Call exchanges and call combinations increased the occurrence of affiliative interactions. The probability of affiliative interaction following a given type of call differed according to the relationship between the caller and the recipient. These findings suggest that recipients interpret these calls within a social context; they also demonstrate the existence of complex communicative abilities that integrate vocalizations and context in these monkeys.

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