scholarly journals Trajectories of Cerebral Cortical Development in Childhood and Adolescence and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2013 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Shaw ◽  
Meaghan Malek ◽  
Bethany Watson ◽  
Deanna Greenstein ◽  
Pietro de Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Cortical Development ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Imaging Normal and Abnormal Brain Development: New Perspectives for Child Psychiatry

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith L. Rapoport ◽  
Xavier F. Castellanos ◽  
Nitin Gogate ◽  
Kristin Janson ◽  
Shawn Kohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Developmental Neuroscience ◽  
Abnormal Brain

Objective: The availability of non-invasive brain imaging permits the study of normal and abnormal brain development in childhood and adolescence. This paper summarizes current knowledge of brain abnormalities of two conditions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and childhood onset schizophrenia (COS), and illustrates how such findings are bringing clinical and preclinical perspectives closer together. Method: A selected review is presented of the pattern and temporal characteristics of anatomic brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in ADHD and COS. These results are discussed in terms of candidate mechanisms suggested by studies in developmental neuroscience. Results: There are consistent, diagnostically specific patterns of brain abnormality for ADHD and COS. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a slightly smaller (4%) total brain volume (both white and grey matter), less-consistent abnormalities of the basal ganglia and a striking (15%) decrease in posterior inferior cerebellar vermal volume. These changes do not progress with age. In contrast, patients with COS have smaller brain volume due to a 10% decrease in cortical grey volume. Moreover, in COS there is a progressive loss of regional grey volume particularly in frontal and temporal regions during adolescence. Conclusions: In ADHD, the developmental pattern suggests an early non-progressive ‘lesion’ involving neurotrophic factors controlling overall brain growth and selected dopamine circuits. In contrast, in COS, which shows progressive grey matter loss, various candidate processes influencing later synaptic and dendritic pruning are suggested by human post-mortem and developmental animal studies.

Core dimensions of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-308
Author(s):  
Eric Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Hyperkinetic Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

This chapter presents an account of the clinical picture of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the severe form hyperkinetic disorder. They are disabilities that change with development and are often accompanied by other problems that can mask it or themselves be masked by it. Clinical and standardized ways of making the diagnosis are described. Inattentiveness and impulsive hyperactivity are rewarding challenges for diagnosis and treatment in adulthood, as well as during childhood and adolescence.

scholarly journals Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-448
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Neuroimaging techniques are increasingly being applied to the study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review focuses on magnetic resonance imaging studies of the brain anatomy of ADHD. Such studies were first conducted over a decade ago, and most focus on frontal-striatal regions and tend to find smaller volumes in ADHD children than in controls. Recently published analyses with the largest sample so far of patients and controls found that ADHD is associated with a statistically significant 3% to 4% global reduction in brain volume in both boys and girls, with abnormally small caudate nuclei only being found in younger patients. After adjusting for global brain differences, only cerebellar hemispheric volumes remained significantly smaller in ADHD, and these differences continued throughout childhood and adolescence. Pathophysiological models of ADHD need take into account cerebellar dysfunction, as well as prefrontal-striatal dysregulation.

Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Nonpharmacological Treatments and Their Combination With Medication

2007 ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Hinshaw ◽  
Rachel G. Klein ◽  
Howard B. Abikoff
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Contingency Management ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Clinical Behavior ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a persistent disorder of childhood and adolescence that mandates early and effective intervention. Among psychosocial interventions, direct contingency management applies systematic manipulation of rewards and punishments in specialized settings. It typically yields large effects on behavior and academic performance, but (a) outcomes are often appraised through single-case experimental designs, outside the typology of clinical trials used in this volume, and (b) their effects tend not to generalize or maintain beyond the settings in which they are applied. Clinical behavior therapy involves consultation with parents and teachers regarding optimal home and school management practices. A number of Type 2 trials demonstrate the clinical value of such procedures for the behavior problems of children with ADHD as rated by parents and teachers but typically not by independent observations. Several Type 1 investigations of systematic combinations of direct contingency management plus clinical behavior therapy have yielded findings indicating significant improvements, but effects on symptoms are smaller than those found with medication. Multimodal treatment—combining intensive behavioral intervention with well-delivered pharmacological agents—does not always reveal significantly superior outcomes to medication alone, but it more consistently yields normalization of behavior patterns among children with ADHD. Further work on tailoring psychosocial interventions to ADHD-related deficits and impairments and on promoting generalized change beyond specifically targeted behaviors is urgently needed.

scholarly journals Tourette’s syndrome associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a case report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Zovico Miranda ◽  
Laura Altoe Padovan ◽  
Sandra Souza Meirelles
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Motor Tics ◽  
Relationship Of

Context: The treatment of Giles de la Tourette Syndrome associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has little scientific evidence. Case report: 7- year-old child, who started motor tics and vocalizations, compatible with Tourette Syndrome, 6 months after starting the treatment of ADHD with psychostimulant, methylphenidate 20mg/day. He used imipramine, quetiapine and haloperidol, but only showed control of ADHD and tics using Ritalin LAR 30mg/day and risperidone. The hypothesis of a cause-effect relationship of the use of methylphenidate with the appearance of tremors and tics was considered. Theoretical survey and discussion on the syndrome and its clinical management associated with comorbidity, the lack of studies on the long-term effects of methylphenidate and the importance of treating comorbidities taking into account side effects of medications and not just resolution of symptoms, so that effects do not outweigh the benefits compromising neurodevelopment and learning in childhood and adolescence. Conclusions: This case showed no improvement with the use of the atypical antipsychotic (quetiapine), but corroborates the findings of treatment of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity with the use of methylphenidate (Ritalin LAR) and motor tics and screams with haloperidol (partial improvement) and risperidone (complete cessation).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document