Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder with a lifetime prevalence rate of approximately 1%. The first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, was introduced in 1954, followed by several similar drugs. With the later introduction of clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole, antipsychotic drugs have come to be classified as conventional (chlorpromazine-like) or atypical (clozapine-like). Both of these broad classes of medications have been demonstrated to safely improve psychotic symptoms in the acute phase of the illness and reduce risk of relapse in the maintenance phase of treatment. The atypical antipsychotics offer hope for enhanced efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenic psychopathology with a reduced burden of extrapyramidal motor dysfunction. Because of the limited efficacy of antipsychotic medication in resolving the full range of schizophrenic psychopathology, adjunctive treatments are often used to reduce morbidity. Concomitant medications such as benzodiazepines, lithium, carbamazepine, valproic acid, antidepressants, glutamate agonists, and dopamine agonists have been used alone and in combination with antipsychotic drugs in order to improve treatment response. In this chapter, we review controlled trials of the pharmacological agents used to treat schizophrenia.