Cognitive behavioural treatment for chronic pain was individually tailored based on pre-treatment assessment of the subjective pain experience of each patient. Eight chronic pain patients completed the individualized treatment program which consisted of relaxation techniques, hypnotic deepening strategies, a relabeling hierarchy based upon pain descriptors, positive self-statements, didactic information, and cognitive-restructuring techniques. Patients self-monitored their pain during a two week pre-treatment baseline period, during the eight weeks of treatment and for one week post-treatment. Additional treatment outcome measures were also taken. Compared to baseline data, patients reported positive changes on many of the treatment outcome criteria, including McGill Pain Questionnaire indices, reduction in the number of hours spent in pain, and follow-up questionnaire responses. Treatment outcome measures collected at one week, six months, and 15 months post-treatment all suggested positive treatment gains. The greatest gains were reported at the six month post-treatment assessment suggesting a generalization or practice component to the therapy. Additionally, patients with constant pain were found more refractory to treatment than patients with intermittent pain.
The influence of cognitive flexibility on treatment outcome and cognitive restructuring skill acquisition during cognitive behavioural treatment for anxiety and depression in older adults: Results of a pilot study
