ABSTRACTOne mechanism by which bacteria and fungi produce bioactive natural products is the use of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). Many NRPSs in bacteria require members of the MbtH-like protein (MLP) superfamily for their solubility or function. Although MLPs are known to interact with the adenylation domains of NRPSs, the role MLPs play in NRPS enzymology has yet to be elucidated. MLPs are nearly always encoded within the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that also code for the NRPSs that interact with the MLP. Here, we identify 50 orphan MLPs from diverse bacteria. An orphan MLP is one that is encoded by a gene that is not directly adjacent to genes predicted to be involved in nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis. We targeted the orphan MLP MXAN_3118 fromMyxococcus xanthusDK1622 for characterization. TheM. xanthusDK1622 genome contains 15 NRPS-encoding BGCs but only one MLP-encoding gene (MXAN_3118). We tested the hypothesis that MXAN_3118 interacts with one or more NRPS using a combination ofin vivoandin vitroassays. We determined that MXAN_3118 interacts with at least seven NRPSs from distinct BGCs. We show that one of these BGCs codes for NRPS enzymology that likely produces a valine-rich natural product that inhibits the clumping ofM. xanthusDK1622 in liquid culture. MXAN_3118 is the first MLP to be identified that naturally interacts with multiple NRPS systems in a single organism. The finding of an MLP that naturally interacts with multiple NRPS systems suggests it may be harnessed as a “universal” MLP for generating functional hybrid NRPSs.IMPORTANCEMbtH-like proteins (MLPs) are essential accessory proteins for the function of many nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). We identified 50 MLPs from diverse bacteria that are coded by genes that are not located near any NRPS-encoding biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). We define these as orphan MLPs because their NRPS partner(s) is unknown. Investigations into the orphan MLP fromMyxococcus xanthusDK1622 determined that it interacts with NRPSs from at least seven distinct BGCs. Support for these MLP-NRPS interactions came from the use of a bacterial two-hybrid assay and copurification of the MLP with various NRPSs. The flexibility of this MLP to naturally interact with multiple NRPSs led us to hypothesize that this MLP may be used as a “universal” MLP during the construction of functional hybrid NRPSs.
In Vivo Characterization of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases NocA and NocB in the Biosynthesis of Nocardicin A
