Energy-efficient geographic routing in the presence of localization errors

Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN) is a representative three-dimensional wireless sensor network. Due to the unique characteristics of underwater acoustic communication, providing energy-efficient and low-latency routing protocols for UWSNs is challenging. Major challenges are water currents, limited resources, and long acoustic propagation delay. Network topology of UWSNs is dynamic and complex as sensors have always been moving with currents. Some proposed protocols adopt geographic routing to address this problem, but three-dimensional localization is hard to obtain in underwater environment. As depth-based routing protocol (DBR) uses depth information only which is much more easier to obtain, it is more practical for UWSNs. However, depth information is not enough to restrict packets to be forwarded within a particular area. Packets may be forwarded through multiple paths which might cause energy waste and increase end-to-end delay. In this paper, we introduce underwater time of arrival (ToA) ranging technique to address the problem above. To maintain all the original advantages of DBR, we make the following contributions: energy-efficient depth-based routing protocol that reduces redundancy energy cost in some blind zones; low-latency depth-based routing protocol that is able to deliver a packet through an optimal path. The proposed protocols are validated through extensive simulations.

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Locally Optimal Source Routing for energy-efficient geographic routing

Wireless Networks ◽

10.1007/s11276-007-0066-1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 513-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Juan A. Sanchez ◽

Pedro M. Ruiz

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficient ◽

Geographic Routing ◽

Source Routing

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Route Deviation Algorithm with Location Ambiguity in Wireless Sensor Networks

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.b2826.129219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 1911-1919

Keyword(s):

Sensor Networks ◽

Simulation Model ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Threshold Energy ◽

Time Algorithm ◽

Geographic Routing ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Primary Concern ◽

Geographic Routing Protocol

Nowadays, the primary concern of geographic routing protocol lies in the fact of minimisation of energy dissipation during the transfer of each packet in a network. This paper proposes an energy-efficient real-time algorithm in sensor networks, i.e., Route deviation Algorithm. Route deviation algorithm combines the characteristics of both distance-based criteria and direction or angle based criteria. In this paper, we have shown a comparison amongst COMPASS algorithm, NFP, MER and Route deviation algorithm. The simulation model includes numerous parameters, namely, threshold energy, number of sensors, spread of the map, position of sensors and transmission time. The results obtained through the simulation model supports the fact that the Route deviation algorithm accomplishes the task of saving energy and adds to the life of the networks.

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