Formin-mediated bridging of cell wall, plasma membrane, and cytoskeleton in symbiotic infections of Medicago truncatula

Periplasm of bacteria is the space outside the permeability barrier of plasma membrane but enclosed by the cell wall. The contents of this special milieu exterior could be regulated by the plasma membrane from the internal, and by the cell wall from the external environment of the cell. Unlike the gram-negative organism, the presence of this space in gram-positive bacteria is still controversial because it cannot be clearly demonstrated. We have shown the importance of some periplasmic bodies in the secretion of penicillinase from Bacillus licheniformis.In negatively stained specimens prepared by a modified technique (Figs. 1 and 2), periplasmic space (PS) contained two kinds of structures: (i) fibrils (F, 100 Å) running perpendicular to the cell wall from the protoplast and (ii) an array of vesicles of various sizes (V), which seem to have evaginated from the protoplast.

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Enrichment of vitronectin- and fibronectin-like proteins in NaCI-adapted plant cells and evidence for their involvement in plasma membrane-cell wall adhesion

The Plant Journal ◽

10.1046/j.1365-313x.1993.03050637.x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 637-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jian-Kang Zhu ◽

Jun Shi ◽

Utpal Singh ◽

Sarah E. Wyatt ◽

Ray A. Bressan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plasma Membrane ◽

Plant Cells ◽

Membrane Cell

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Wood cell-wall structure requires local 2D-microtubule disassembly by a novel plasma membrane-anchored protein.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.4116957.3896055 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Clive Lloyd

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plasma Membrane ◽

Wood Cell Wall ◽

Cell Wall Structure ◽

Wall Structure

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Ultrastructural alterations at the cell wall and plasma membrane ofCandida spec. H induced byn-alkane assimilation

Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie ◽

10.1002/jobm.3630220403 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 227-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. Fischer ◽

B. Brückner ◽

H. W. Meyer

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plasma Membrane ◽

Ultrastructural Alterations

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With an Ear up Against the Wall: An Update on Mechanoperception in Arabidopsis.

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081587 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1587

Author(s):

Sara Behnami ◽

Dario Bonetta

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plasma Membrane ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Mechanical Stress ◽

Mechanosensitive Channels ◽

Compensatory Responses ◽

Cell Wall Damage ◽

Mechanical Signals ◽

Hormone Signalling

Cells interpret mechanical signals and adjust their physiology or development appropriately. In plants, the interface with the outside world is the cell wall, a structure that forms a continuum with the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton. Mechanical stress from cell wall damage or deformation is interpreted to elicit compensatory responses, hormone signalling, or immune responses. Our understanding of how this is achieved is still evolving; however, we can refer to examples from animals and yeast where more of the details have been worked out. Here, we provide an update on this changing story with a focus on candidate mechanosensitive channels and plasma membrane-localized receptors.

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FINE STRUCTURE OF THE GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIUM ACETOBACTER SUBOXYDANS

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.20.2.217 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 217-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

G. W. Claus ◽

L. E. Roth

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plasma Membrane ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Negative Staining ◽

Homogeneous Layer ◽

Physical Treatment ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Acetobacter Suboxydans ◽

Negative Cell

The morphological features of the cell wall, plasma membrane, protoplasmic constituents, and flagella of Acetobacter suboxydans (ATCC 621) were studied by thin sectioning and negative staining. Thin sections of the cell wall demonstrate an outer membrane and an inner, more homogeneous layer. These observations are consistent with those of isolated, gram-negative cell-wall ghosts and the chemical analyses of gram-negative cell walls. Certain functional attributes of the cell-wall inner layer and the structural comparisons of gram-negative and gram-positive cell walls are considered. The plasma membrane is similar in appearance to the membrane of the cell wall and is occasionally found to be folded into the cytoplasm. Certain features of the protoplasm are described and discussed, including the diffuse states of the chromatinic material that appear to be correlated with the length of the cell and a polar differentiation in the area of expected flagellar attachment. Although the flagella appear hollow in thin sections, negative staining of isolated flagella does not substantiate this finding. Severe physical treatment occasionally produces a localized penetration into the central region of the flagellum, the diameter of which is much smaller then that expected from sections. A possible explanation of this apparent discrepancy is discussed.

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Putative PmrA and PmcA are important for normal growth, morphogenesis and cell wall integrity, but not for viability in Aspergillus nidulans

Microbiology ◽

10.1099/mic.0.080119-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 160 (11) ◽

pp. 2387-2395 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Hechun Jiang ◽

Feifei Liu ◽

Shizhu Zhang ◽

Ling Lu

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plasma Membrane ◽

Aspergillus Nidulans ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Cell Wall Integrity ◽

Plasma Membrane Atpase ◽

Growth Defects ◽

Double Deletion ◽

Intracellular Ca ◽

P Type

P-type Ca2+-transporting ATPases are Ca2+ pumps, extruding cytosolic Ca2+ to the extracellular environment or the intracellular Ca2+ store lumens. In budding yeast, Pmr1 (plasma membrane ATPase related), and Pmc1 (plasma membrane calcium-ATPase) cannot be deleted simultaneously for it to survive in standard medium. Here, we deleted two putative Ca2+ pumps, designated AnPmrA and AnPmcA, from Aspergillus nidulans, and obtained the mutants ΔanpmrA and ΔanpmcA, respectively. Then, using ΔanpmrA as the starting strain, the promoter of its anpmcA was replaced with the alcA promoter to secure the mutant ΔanpmrAalcApmcA or its anpmcA was deleted completely to produce the mutant ΔanpmrAΔpmcA. Different from the case in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, double deletion of anpmrA and anpmcA was not lethal in A. nidulans. In addition, deletion of anpmrA and/or anpmcA had produced growth defects, although overexpression of AnPmc1 in ΔanpmrAalcApmcA could not restore the growth defects that resulted from the loss of AnPmrA. Moreover, we found AnPmrA was indispensable for maintenance of normal morphogenesis, especially in low-Ca2+/Mn2+ environments. Thus, our findings suggest AnPmrA and AnPmcA might play important roles in growth, morphogenesis and cell wall integrity in A. nidulans in a different way from that in yeasts.

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