ABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) stifles cellular gene expression during productive infection of permissive cells, thereby diminishing host responses to infection. Host shutoff is achieved largely through the complementary actions of two viral proteins, ICP27 and virion host shutoff (vhs), that inhibit cellular mRNA biogenesis and trigger global mRNA decay, respectively. Although most cellular mRNAs are thus depleted, some instead increase in abundance after infection; perhaps surprisingly, some of these contain AU-rich instability elements (AREs) in their 3′-untranslated regions. ARE-containing mRNAs normally undergo rapid decay; however, their stability can increase in response to signals such as cytokines and virus infection that activate the p38/MK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We and others have shown that HSV infection stabilizes the ARE mRNA encoding the stress-inducible IEX-1 mRNA, and a previous report from another laboratory has suggested vhs is responsible for this effect. However, we now report that ICP27 is essential for IEX-1 mRNA stabilization whereas vhs plays little if any role. A recent report has documented that ICP27 activates the p38 MAPK pathway, and we detected a strong correlation between this activity and stabilization of IEX-1 mRNA by using a panel of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) isolates bearing an array of previously characterized ICP27 mutations. Furthermore, IEX-1 mRNA stabilization was abrogated by the p38 inhibitor SB203580. Taken together, these data indicate that the HSV-1 immediate-early protein ICP27 alters turnover of the ARE-containing message IEX-1 by activating p38. As many ARE mRNAs encode proinflammatory cytokines or other immediate-early response proteins, some of which may limit viral replication, it will be of great interest to determine if ICP27 mediates stabilization of many or all ARE-containing mRNAs.
The Immediate-Early Protein IE0 of the Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus Is Not Essential for Viral Replication
