Strong/nuclear force in the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) theory. Nuclear deflection of light, nuclear time delay of light, and proposed experiment

The theory of the dynamic medium of reference has already been presented in several articles [Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019); 33, 395 (2020); 34, 61 (2021); 34, 279 (2021)], and in particular in Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019). The article [Pignard, Phys. Essays 34, 279 (2021)] gives an explanation and mathematical developments of the gravitational acceleration from atomic nuclei of a massive body. General relativity considers a massive body, like the Earth or the Sun, globally, macroscopically, simply as an object of mass M (which curves space‐time). However, when one goes into details, this mass M is made up of atoms which are themselves mainly made up of nuclei of nucleons (if we neglect the mass of electrons in comparison of that of the nucleus). Thus, it is mainly the nuclei of a massive body that create the force of gravity! The dynamic medium of reference theory determines the gravitational acceleration microscopically by taking into account all the atomic nuclei that make up a massive body [Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019)]. This creates a strong link between gravity and the nuclear domain. This article goes further with the description of a model of the atomic nucleus. This makes it possible to establish that the strong force or nuclear force, which ensures the cohesion of the nucleus, is due to the strong acceleration of the flux of the medium which is a vector average of the flux of gravitons. This gives an expression of the nuclear force similar to the force of gravity but with a constant K ≈ 1031 m s−2, much higher than the gravitational constant G. This article shows that the functioning, the mechanism of the nucleus, makes it possible to explain the nuclear force and also to find the gravitational acceleration. From there, it is deduced that the photons are deflected by the strong acceleration due to an atom nucleus. They are also slowed down by an atom nucleus which creates a delay in their travel time which we call the nuclear time delay of light. Finally, an experiment is proposed to verify the phenomenon of nuclear deflection of light and the nuclear time delay of light.

On the Second Dipole Moment of Dirac’s Particle

An analysis is presented of the possible existence of a second anomalous dipole moment of Dirac’s particle next to the one associated with the angular momentum. It includes a discussion why, in spite of his own derivation, Dirac has doubted about its relevancy. It is shown why since then it has been overlooked and why it has vanished from leading textbooks. A critical survey is given on the reasons of its reject, including the failure of attempts to measure and the perceived violations of time reversal symmetry and charge-parity symmetry. It is emphasized that the anomalous electric dipole moment of the pointlike electron (AEDM) is fundamentally different from the quantum field type electric dipole moment of an electron (eEDM) as defined in the standard model of particle physics. The analysis has resulted into the identification of a third type Dirac particle, next to the electron type and the Majorana particle. It is shown that, unlike as in the case of the electron type, its second anomalous dipole moment is real valued and is therefore subject to polarization in a vector field. Examples are given that it may have a possible impact in the nuclear domain and in the gravitational domain.

On the Second Dipole Moment of Dirac’s Particle

An analysis is presented of the possible existence of a second anomalous dipole moment of Dirac’s particle next to the one associated with the angular momentum. It includes a discussion why, in spite of his own derivation, Dirac has doubted about its relevancy. It is shown why since then it has been overlooked and why it has vanished from leading textbooks. A critical survey is given on the reasons of its reject, including the failure of attempts to measure and the perceived violations of time reversal symmetry and charge-parity symmetry. It is emphasized that the anomalous electric dipole moment of the pointlike electron (AEDM) is fundamentally different from the quantum field type electric dipole moment of an electron (eEDM) as defined in the standard model of particle physics. The analysis has resulted into the identification of a third type Dirac particle, next to the electron type and the Majorana particle. It is shown that, unlike as in the case of the electron type, its second anomalous dipole moment is real valued and is therefore subject to polarization in a vector field. Examples are given that it may have a possible impact in the nuclear domain and in the gravitational domain.

Saccharomyces cerevisiaedeficient in the early anaphase release of Cdc14 can traverse anaphase I without ribosomal DNA disjunction and successfully complete meiosis

ABSTRACTEukaryotic meiosis is a specialized cell cycle involving two successive nuclear divisions that lead to the formation of haploid gametes. The phosphatase Cdc14 plays an essential role in meiosis as revealed in studies of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Cdc14 is stored in the nucleolus, a sub-nuclear domain containing the ribosomal DNA, and its release is regulated by two distinct pathways, one acting in early anaphase I of meiosis and a second at the exit from meiosis II. The early anaphase release is thought to be important for disjunction of the ribosomal DNA, disassembly of the anaphase I spindle, spindle pole re-duplication and the counteraction of CDK, all of which are required for progression into meiosis II. The release of Cdc14 from its nucleolar binding partner Net1 is stimulated by phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase sites in Net1, but the importance of that phospho-regulation in meiosis is not well understood. We inducednet1-6cdkmutant cells to enter meiosis and examined the localization of Cdc14 and various indicators of meiotic progression. Thenet1-6cdkmutations inhibit, but don’t fully prevent Cdc14 release, and they almost completely prevent disjunction of the ribosomal DNA during meiosis I. Failure to disjoin the ribosomal DNA is lethal in mitosis, and we expected the same to be true in meiosis. However, the cells were able to complete meiosis II, yielding the expected four meiotic products as viable spores. Therefore, all ribosomal DNA disjunction required for meiosis can occur in meiosis II. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of meiotic chromosome segregation.

Nuclear Science, Education, and Training at the Argonauta research reactor in Brazil

This work presents the contribution of the Argonauta research reactor in the education and training of human resources in Nuclear Sciences. Since 1965, the Argonauta reactor, located at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been offering theoretical and experimental classes to undergraduate and graduate students. Nuclear Physics and Reactor Physics are the major areas included in the classes provided by the Argonauta’s staff. Recently, Radiochemical classes were integrated in the program. The Argonauta reactor showed to provide substantial contributions to training and formation in the nuclear domain besides improving its capacity to develop know-how in the areas of Nuclear Science.

Quality Assurance of Analytical Measurements—A Vital Element in Safety Performance in the Nuclear Field

The (International Atomic Energy Agency) IAEA’s fundamental safety objective is to protect people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The safety principles apply to all facilities and all activities to reduce existing radiation risks. Analytical quality assurance has gained in importance in many scientific areas, including the analysis of radioactive specimens that require a thorough investigation and regulations for safety and ecological reasons. The use of certified reference materials is an essential pillar for the assessment of the quality of analytical data. Still, such matrix-matched certified reference materials are unfortunately not available for most investigations relevant to the nuclear domain. Therefore, other strategies have to be established, i.e., to compare the analytical results obtained for a particular instrumental technique, with data from another methodology whose analyte detection is based on a different physical principle.

Specific mutations in genes responsible for Alzheimer and for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy introduced by Base editing and PRIME editing

ABSTRACTBase editing technique and PRIME editing techniques derived from the CRISPR/Cas9 discovery permit to modify selected nucleotides. We initially used the base editing technique to introduce in the APP gene the A673T mutation, which prevents the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Although the desired cytidine to thymidine mutation was inserted in up to 17% of the APP gene in HEK393T, there were also modifications of up to 20% of other nearby cytidines. More specific mutations of the APP gene were obtained with the PRIME editing technique. However, the best percentage of mutations was only 5.8%. The efficiency of the PRIME editing treatment was initially tested on the EMX1 gene. A single treatment produced the desired modification in 36% of the EMX1 gene. Three consecutive treatments increased the percentage of mutations to 50%. The PRIME editing technique was also used to insert specific point mutations in exons 9 and 35 of the DMD gene coding for the dystrophin gene and which is mutated in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Up to 10% desired mutations of the DMD gene were obtained. Three repeated treatments increased the percentage of specific mutations to 16%. Given that there are thousands of nuclei inside a human muscle fiber and that the dystrophin nuclear domain is about 500 μm, this level of modifications would be sufficient to produce a phenotype improvement in DMD patients.