Grey matter volume differences associated with gender in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study

BackgroundChildren with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties with executive function and impulse control which may improve with age.AimsTo map the brain correlates of executive function in ADHD and determine age-related changes in reaction times and brain volumes.MethodAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and control groups were compared on the change task measures of response inhibition (stop signal reaction time, SSRT) and shifting (change response reaction time, CRRT). Voxel-wise magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlations of reaction times and grey matter volume were determined, along with bivariate correlations of reaction times, brain volumes and age.ResultsIndividuals in the ADHD group had longer SSRTs and CRRTs. Anterior cingulate, striatal and medial temporal volumes highly correlated with SSRT. Striatal and cerebellar volumes strongly correlated with CRRT. Older children had faster reaction times and larger regional brain volumes. In controls, orbitofrontal, medial temporal and cerebellar volumes correlated with CRRT but not SSRT. Neither reaction times nor regional brain volumes were strongly age-dependent.ConclusionsOur evidence supports delayed brain maturation in ADHD and implies that some features of ADHD improve with age.

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Temporal reproduction and its neuroanatomical correlates in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329171600101x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (12) ◽

pp. 2561-2569 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

V. A. Pironti ◽

M.-C. Lai ◽

S. Morein-Zamir ◽

U. Müller ◽

E. T. Bullmore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Grey Matter Volume ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Time Reproduction ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

First Degree Relatives ◽

Temporal Reproduction

BackgroundLittle is known about time perception, its putative role as cognitive endophenotype, and its neuroanatomical underpinnings in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodTwenty adults with ADHD, 20 unaffected first-degree relatives and 20 typically developing controls matched for age and gender undertook structural magnetic resonance imaging scans. Voxel-based morphometry with DARTEL was performed to obtain regional grey-matter volumes. Temporal processing was investigated as a putative cognitive endophenotype using a temporal reproduction paradigm. General linear modelling was employed to examine the relationship between temporal reproduction performances and grey-matter volumes.ResultsADHD participants were impaired in temporal reproduction and unaffected first-degree relatives performed in between their ADHD probands and typically developing controls. Increased grey-matter volume in the cerebellum was associated with poorer temporal reproduction performance.ConclusionsAdults with ADHD are impaired in time reproduction. Performances of the unaffected first-degree relatives are in between ADHD relatives and controls, suggesting that time reproduction might be a cognitive endophenotype for adult ADHD. The cerebellum is involved in time reproduction and might play a role in driving time performances.

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Multivariate Imaging Genetics Study of MRI Gray Matter Volume and SNPs Reveals Biological Pathways Correlated with Brain Structural Differences in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00128 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Sabin Khadka ◽

Godfrey D. Pearlson ◽

Vince D. Calhoun ◽

Jingyu Liu ◽

Joel Gelernter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Gray Matter ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Gray Matter Volume ◽

Biological Pathways ◽

Imaging Genetics ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Matter Volume ◽

Structural Differences

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Imaging Normal and Abnormal Brain Development: New Perspectives for Child Psychiatry

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00900.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 272-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Judith L. Rapoport ◽

Xavier F. Castellanos ◽

Nitin Gogate ◽

Kristin Janson ◽

Shawn Kohler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Brain Development ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Brain Volume ◽

Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Developmental Neuroscience ◽

Abnormal Brain

Objective: The availability of non-invasive brain imaging permits the study of normal and abnormal brain development in childhood and adolescence. This paper summarizes current knowledge of brain abnormalities of two conditions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and childhood onset schizophrenia (COS), and illustrates how such findings are bringing clinical and preclinical perspectives closer together. Method: A selected review is presented of the pattern and temporal characteristics of anatomic brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in ADHD and COS. These results are discussed in terms of candidate mechanisms suggested by studies in developmental neuroscience. Results: There are consistent, diagnostically specific patterns of brain abnormality for ADHD and COS. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a slightly smaller (4%) total brain volume (both white and grey matter), less-consistent abnormalities of the basal ganglia and a striking (15%) decrease in posterior inferior cerebellar vermal volume. These changes do not progress with age. In contrast, patients with COS have smaller brain volume due to a 10% decrease in cortical grey volume. Moreover, in COS there is a progressive loss of regional grey volume particularly in frontal and temporal regions during adolescence. Conclusions: In ADHD, the developmental pattern suggests an early non-progressive ‘lesion’ involving neurotrophic factors controlling overall brain growth and selected dopamine circuits. In contrast, in COS, which shows progressive grey matter loss, various candidate processes influencing later synaptic and dendritic pruning are suggested by human post-mortem and developmental animal studies.

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Clinical correlations of grey matter reductions in the caudate nucleus of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience ◽

10.1503/jpn.090099 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 238-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Luis Guillermo

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Caudate Nucleus ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Clinical Correlations

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Mapping brain structure in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: A voxel-based MRI study of regional grey and white matter volume

Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging ◽

10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.09.006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 154 (2) ◽

pp. 171-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Grainne M. McAlonan ◽

Vinci Cheung ◽

Charlton Cheung ◽

Siew E. Chua ◽

Declan G.M. Murphy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

White Matter ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Brain Structure ◽

White Matter Volume ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Matter Volume ◽

Mri Study

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Disorder-specific grey matter deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder relative to autism spectrum disorder

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291714001974 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 965-976 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

L. Lim ◽

K. Chantiluke ◽

A. I. Cubillo ◽

A. B. Smith ◽

A. Simmons ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Childhood Disorders ◽

Male Adolescents ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

Background.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two common childhood disorders that exhibit genetic and behavioural overlap and have abnormalities in similar brain systems, in particular in frontal and cerebellar regions. This study compared the two neurodevelopmental disorders to investigate shared and disorder-specific structural brain abnormalities.Method.Forty-four predominantly medication-naïve male adolescents with ADHD, 19 medication-naïve male adolescents with ASD and 33 age-matched healthy male controls were scanned using high-resolution T1-weighted volumetric imaging in a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to test for group-level differences in structural grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes.Results.There was a significant group difference in the GM of the right posterior cerebellum and left middle/superior temporal gyrus (MTG/STG). Post-hoc analyses revealed that this was due to ADHD boys having a significantly smaller right posterior cerebellar GM volume compared to healthy controls and ASD boys, who did not differ from each other. ASD boys had a larger left MTG/STG GM volume relative to healthy controls and at a more lenient threshold relative to ADHD boys.Conclusions.The study shows for the first time that the GM reduction in the cerebellum in ADHD is disorder specific relative to ASD whereas GM enlargement in the MTG/STG in ASD may be disorder specific relative to ADHD. This study is a first step towards elucidating disorder-specific structural biomarkers for these two related childhood disorders.

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