Response of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) to an oral glucose load in female and male subjects with normal glucose tolerance

2014 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. e25-e29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Matsuo ◽  
Yoshiki Kusunoki ◽  
Tomoyuki Katsuno ◽  
Takashi Ikawa ◽  
Takafumi Akagami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Male Subjects

Effect of hyperglycaemia on glucose concentration of human nasal secretions

2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. WOOD ◽  
Amanda L. BRENNAN ◽  
Barbara J. PHILIPS ◽  
Emma H. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Glucose Threshold

Glucose is not detectable in airways secretions of normoglycaemic volunteers, but is present at 1–9 mmol·l-1 in airways secretions from people with hyperglycaemia. These observations suggest the existence of a blood glucose threshold at which glucose appears in airways secretions, similar to that seen in renal and salivary epithelia. In the present study we determined the blood glucose threshold at which glucose appears in nasal secretions. Blood glucose concentrations were raised in healthy human volunteers by 20% dextrose intravenous infusion or 75 g oral glucose load. Nasal glucose concentrations were measured using modified glucose oxidase sticks as blood glucose concentrations were raised. Glucose appeared rapidly in nasal secretions once blood glucose was clamped at approx. 12 mmol·l-1 (n=6). On removal of the clamp, nasal glucose fell to baseline levels in parallel with blood glucose concentrations. An airway glucose threshold of 6.7–9.7 mmol·l-1 was identified (n=12). In six subjects with normal glucose tolerance, blood glucose concentrations rose above the airways threshold and nasal glucose became detectable following an oral glucose load. The presence of an airway glucose threshold suggests that active glucose transport by airway epithelial cells normally maintains low glucose concentrations in airways secretions. Blood glucose exceeds the airway threshold after a glucose load even in people with normal glucose tolerance, so it is likely that people with diabetes or hyperglycaemia spend a significant proportion of each day with glucose in their airways secretions.

scholarly journals Insulin Response to Oral Glucose Load is Associated with Coronary Artery Disease in Subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuro Miyazaki ◽  
Kazunori Shimada ◽  
Yoshitaka Iwama ◽  
Atsumi Kume ◽  
Katsuhiko Sumiyoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Artery Disease

Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 512-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Heath ◽  
J. R. Gavin ◽  
J. M. Hinderliter ◽  
J. M. Hagberg ◽  
S. A. Bloomfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Insulin Binding ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Physically trained individuals have a markedly blunted insulin response to a glucose load and yet have normal glucose tolerance. This phenomenon has generally been ascribed to long-term adaptations to training which correlate with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and reduced adiposity. Our study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that residual effects of the last bouts of exercise play an important role in this phenomenon. Eight well-trained subjects stopped training for 10 days. There were no significant changes in VO2max (58.6 +/- 2.2 vs. 57.6 +/- 2.1 ml/kg), estimated percent body fat (12.5 +/- 0.7 vs. 12.5 +/- 0.8%), or body weight. The maximum rise in plasma insulin concentration in response to a 100-g oral glucose load was 100% higher after 10 days without exercise than when the subjects were exercising regularly. Despite the increased insulin levels, blood glucose concentrations were higher after 10 days without exercise. Insulin binding to monocytes also decreased with physical inactivity. One bout of exercise after 11 days without exercise returned insulin binding and the insulin and glucose responses to an oral 100-g glucose load almost to the initial “trained” value. These results support our hypothesis.

Psychiatric Aspects of Diabetes—a Physician's View

1981 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Tattersall
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Normal Glucose

A raised blood sugar level no more defines a single entity than does a raised bilirubin or a low haemoglobin. Diabetes is a heterogenous group of disorders whose only common factor is hyperglycaemia (Tattersallet al, 1980). The classification of diabetes is being revised, although the changes are of more relevance to epidemiologists than clinicians. Previous standards of normal glucose tolerance were set too low, so that some people were labelled diabetic who had no symptoms and have proved on follow-up not to be at risk of developing complications such as retinopathy (i.e. they had a non-disease). Epidemiological evidence suggests that the cut-off point for ‘true’ diabetes (i.e. a condition which leads to complications and shortening of life span) is a blood glucose level two hours after a 50 G oral glucose load of 11.1 mMol/L (National Diabetes Data Group, 1979). This corresponds to a fasting blood glucose level of 7 mMol/L or below. Hence, a single blood glucose value, either in the fasting state or two hours after a 50 G glucose load, is enough to diagnose diabetes and glucose tolerance tests should hardly ever be necessary.

Plasma Betatrophin Levels of Subjects Classified with Normal, Impaired, and Diabetic Glucose Tolerance, and Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (06) ◽  
pp. 434-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibel Ozyazgan ◽  
Burak Onal ◽  
Eda Kurtulus ◽  
Hafize Uzun ◽  
Gokhan Akkan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Impaired Fasting Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Male Subjects

AbstractThis study was aimed to investigate whether betatrophin shows glucose intolerance or not. To access the plasma betatrophin levels after basal and glucose load, groups were classified as normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetic glucose tolerance (DGT) according to WHO 2012 criteria. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on age-matched subjects (n=220) with a body mass index (BMI)<27 kg/m2. Subjects were categorized as normoglycemic (n=55), IFG (n=50), IGT (n=60), and DM (n=55) according to the WHO criteria. Baseline betatrophin levels in DGT are significantly higher than in NGT (p<0.005), IFG (p<0.004), and IGT (p<0.001). Male subjects have significantly higher betatrophin levels than female subjects (p<0.01). In DGT, betatrophin of male subjects was found to be significantly higher than the betatrophin of male subjects in NGT (p<0.04), IFG (p<0.01), and IGT (p<0.01). Significant relationship between betatrophin and both ages and HbA1c in all groups were observed. When ages were accepted as an independent factor, significant correlation between betatrophin and ages were found. Betatrophin is increased and associated with age and HbA1c in DGT. Males had higher betatrophin levels compared with females in DGT group. As no obvious betatrophin deficiency to substitute in IFG and IGT individuals were observed, betatrophin levels appeared to be related to the pathogenesis of the diabetic stages rather than prediabetic stages.

Abnormal Regulation of Venous Alanine after Glucose Ingestion in Myotonic Dystrophy

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard T. Moxley ◽  
William Kingston ◽  
Robert C. Griggs
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Myotonic Dystrophy ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Slight Rise

1. The concentration of amino acids in whole blood was measured before and during standard 5 h oral glucose tolerance testing in six male patients with myotonic dystrophy and five normal males. The plasma levels of insulin and glucose were also determined. 2. From 90 to 240 min after glucose ingestion there was a striking decline in venous alanine concentration in the patients with myotonic dystrophy in contrast to a slight rise in alanine in the normal group. 3. The patients displayed normal glucose tolerance, and there was a sustained fall in the venous concentration of the insulin-sensitive amino acids comparable with that seen in the normal controls. However, the patients showed a threefold increase of plasma insulin after glucose. 4. These data indicate an abnormal regulation of alanine in myotonic dystrophy which may be the result of an alteration in muscle synthesis of this amino acid. This defect in alanine synthesis may be due to a decreased availability of intracellular pyruvate caused by the insulin resistance that exists in these patients.

scholarly journals Sitagliptin improves glycaemic excursion after a meal or after an oral glucose load in J apanese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kaku ◽  
T. Kadowaki ◽  
Y. Terauchi ◽  
T. Okamoto ◽  
A. Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Impaired Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load
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