Carbon Emissions Pinch Analysis for emissions reductions in the New Zealand transport sector through to 2050

New Zealand’s sprawling urban development and high levels of car dependency have resulted in significant environmental impacts, including increased carbon emissions and pollution. Car sharing can support sustainable transport patterns by offering an alternative to private vehicle ownership. Internationally, it has become increasingly popular but is still in the early stages of development in New Zealand. A survey of 356 Wellington residents and interviews with 13 car share stakeholders collected data on interest in car sharing and barriers facing the service in New Zealand’s capital. The results suggest that car sharing could become an important mobility option in Wellington and further policy support for car sharing could enable Wellington to take full advantage of its benefits.

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Design and Pinch Analysis of a GFT Process for Production of Biojet Fuel from Biomass and Plastics

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14196035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (19) ◽

pp. 6035

Author(s):

Alejandro López-Fernández ◽

David Bolonio ◽

Isabel Amez ◽

Blanca Castells ◽

Marcelo F. Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Energy Use ◽

Cooling Water ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Selling Price ◽

Pinch Analysis ◽

Steam Generation ◽

Fischer Tropsch ◽

Fuel Density

Environmental problems are frequently related to energy use, estimated to grow at 1.6% per year until 2035. The transport sector accounts for 30% of energy demand and aviation is growing around 2.6% per year. Thus, low-emissions policies promote the use of sustainable aviation fuels. This work simulates a gasification and Fischer-Tropsch process to obtain biojet fuel from biomass and plastic waste. Syngas obtained through cogasification is purified by amine scrubbing and subjected to a Fischer-Tropsch process to produce hydrocarbons, which are upgraded for optimal fuel properties. Pinch analysis is applied to minimize energy usage, while Rankine cycles and a cooling tower are designed to cover the demand of electricity and cooling water. Results show that mass yields of the process towards biofuels are 13.06%, with an output of 1697.45 kg/h of biojet fuel. Density, kinematic viscosity, pour and flammability points and the lower calorific value of the biojet fuel comply with the ASTM D7566 standard. Pinch analysis allows to reduce 41.58% and 100% of cooling and heating demands, respectively, using biomass as renewable energy for heating. Moreover, steam generation covers 38.73% of the required electricity. The produced biojet fuel emits 20.14 gCO2eq/MJ and has a minimum selling price of 1.37 EUR/L.

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Alternative and Transitional Energy Sources for Urban Transport

Journal of Siberian Federal University Engineering & Technologies ◽

10.17516/1999-494x-0248 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 586-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dmitriy Ya. Rozhko

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Urban Transport ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Political Factors ◽

Alternative Energy Sources

In urban areas, the transport sector is one of the main sources of significant energy consumption and carbon emissions. Although diesel and gasoline are still the main sources of energy used in urban transport, more and more attention is now being paid to alternative and transitional sources of energy, as they are renewable and have less negative impact on the environment. However, the successful use of alternative energy sources can be hindered by various technical, economic and political factors. This article discusses the latest literature on alternative and transitional energy sources in order to understand the possibility of their use in urban transport at present, as well as the possibility of introducing these sources in the future

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A Quarter Acre Pavlova Paradise Lost? The Role of Preferences and Planning in Achieving Urban Sustainability in Wellington, New Zealand

10.26686/wgtn.17059838 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Nadine Dodge

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Urban Form ◽

Path Dependency ◽

Regulatory Regime ◽

Medium Density ◽

Stated Choice ◽

Travel Mode ◽

Unmet Demand ◽

Compact Development

<p>This thesis investigates the scope for compact development to accommodate population growth in Wellington, New Zealand. The topic is particularly significant for New Zealand as the great majority of the population lives in urban areas, historical development has been dominated by low density urban form, and transport and urban form are two of the main domains in which the country can reduce its carbon emissions. The influence of urban planning and residents’ preferences on achieving sustainable outcomes is investigated. Historical and current planning rules and transport policies in the City are analysed to determine their influence on the provision of compact development. Wellington’s transport policy shows a pattern of path dependency: historical decisions to favour car oriented investment have driven subsequent transport investments and influenced the ease of using different transport modes. Planning policies show a similar pattern of path dependency: planning rules enacted in the 1960s endure in present planning despite being packaged with different justifications and regulatory regime. Current planning rules severely restrict infill development in most existing neighbourhoods, which reduces the availability of housing in accessible medium density neighbourhoods and likely increases the cost of this type of housing. A stated choice survey was conducted of 454 residents of Wellington City to investigate the extent to which there is an unmet demand for compact development and alternatives to car travel. The survey held presentation mode constant across two completion modes (internet and door to door with tablet completion), allowing the impacts of recruitment and completion mode to be examined. Survey recruitment mode appeared to influence both response rates and the representativeness of the survey, while completion mode appeared to have little or no impact on survey responses. Using the stated choice survey results, a latent class model was developed to examine the preferences of residents and the trade-offs they are willing to make when choosing where to live. This type of model allows for the identification of preference groups as a means of understanding the diversity of preferences across the population. The study found that there is an unmet demand for medium density, accessible housing, but that affordability is a barrier for households to choose this type of housing. There was also an unmet demand for walking and cycling, with more residents currently driving than would prefer to use this mode, and more residents preferring to walk and cycle to work than currently use these modes. The ability to use a desired travel mode appears to be related to the neighbourhood in which a person lives, with residents of medium and high density neighbourhoods being more likely to use their preferred travel mode. This study also modelled future development trajectories for Wellington based on demand for housing, neighbourhood and transport attributes. This preference based growth model was contrasted with the City’s plan for development over the next 30 years. Comparing the two scenarios, the planning based trajectory performed better than the demand based scenario in terms of both carbon emissions and achieving compact development.</p>

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Transport sector energy use and carbon emissions: a study on sectoral fiscal policies

Ekonomika i Organizacja Logistyki ◽

10.22630/eiol.2020.5.3.18 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 17-30

Author(s):

Işıl Selçuk ◽

Altuğ Köktaş

Keyword(s):

Carbon Emissions ◽

Energy Use ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Fiscal Policies

Sektor energetyczny na całym świecie w dużej mierze opiera się na paliwach kopalnych, co skutkuje ciągłym wzrostem emisji dwutlenku węgla na skalę światową. Jedną z najważniejszych przyczyn wzrostu emisji jest sektor transportu, którego rozwój jest powiązany z procesami globalizacji. Rozwój transportu lądowego, morskiego i lotniczego wraz z handlem międzynarodowym i zwiększonym zużyciem energii powoduje problemy środowiskowe. W związku z tym szacuje się, że jedna czwarta całkowitej emisji dwutlenku węgla pochodzi obecnie z sektora transportu. W tym kontekście, w celu zwalczania problemów środowiskowych, takich jak globalne ocieplenie i zmiany klimatyczne w skali międzynarodowej, wdrażane są takie inicjatywy, jak porozumienie klimatyczne z Paryża, a także zalecana jest polityka środowiskowa mająca na celu zmniejszenie ilości emisji. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza polityki środowiskowej, która była szeroko omawiana w literaturze, pod kątem polityki fiskalnej. W tym kontekście omówiono narzędzia polityki fiskalnej, takie jak podatki, dotacje, zachęty i przepisy specyficzne dla sektora transportu. Niniejsze badanie, w którym zastosowano metodę opisową, dowodzi, że praktyki polityki fiskalnej mogą być skuteczną metodą zmniejszania ilości emisji dwutlenku węgla.

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