THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ON THE MODES CHOICE OF TRANSPORTATION IN MANADO CITY

Good infrastructure and transportation facilities move people and goods take place safely and economically in terms of time and cost. The trips made by people on weekdays or weekends affect environmental conditions in the area. The purpose of this paper is to find out the influence of socioeconomic status on modes choice of transportation both on weekdays and weekends. The study location is in Manado Municipality. There are 3 (three) modes of transportation reviewed, i.e. private cars, motorcycles, and public transportation. Indicators of socioeconomics status of transportation users are age, education, occupation, income, number of family members, and vehicle ownership. Data regarding the modes of transportation and socioeconomic status of travelers were obtained through questionnaire surveys. SEM-AMOS was used to measure the validity and reliability of the data. The probability of the mode choice on weekdays and weekends was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression analysis. The results showed that the socioeconomic status of the traveler has an influence on the mode choice of transportation by 49.2% on weekends and 49.5% on weekdays. Furthermore, the probability of transportation mode choice on weekends is the car by 88.4%, and on weekdays is motorcycles by 71.6%.

Development Trends in Automation

This chapter analyzes current development trends in automation. The chapter begins by discussing the history of automation in the 21st century, beginning with Honda's creation of ASIMO. Next, the chapter analyzes how automation gave rise to the relocating of many Western manufacturing centers to Asia, particularly those in the United States. The chapter then analyzes trends in the development of autonomous vehicles. This section includes a detailed projection of likely developments over the next several decades, such as the impact of autonomous vehicles on private vehicle ownership. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of these trends.

Mode Shifting Probability of Working People to Angkot: Is there Any Hope for Angkot to Survive in Bandung City?

Bandung is one of Indonesia’s major cities, holding a strategic position as the center of the Bandung Metropolitan Area. The most dominant paratransit with the widest coverage in Bandung City is the angkot, a small four-wheeled vehicle (minibus) that has been modified for use as public transportation. As it stands currently, however, this paratransit service is inadequate and unreliable, and it has pushed people to use private vehicles to support their daily commute, which causes traffic congestion to worsen. Workers are the biggest traffic-generating group in Bandung city. Their regular commute pattern as well as their large proportion in Bandung city’s population (47.78% of the total population in 2020) make this group an important determinant in Bandung City’s transportation. Shifting the workers’ mode of transportation from private to public transportation including the angkot is predicted to decrease traffic jams on some level. Through binary logistic regression, this study provides an analysis of mode shifting probability to the angkot, key factors that could be intervened to increase this shifting probability, as well as the extent to which intervention toward these factors will increase angkot usage so that it can provide a picture of future characteristics of the angkot in contrast to the current condition, should this transportation mode continue to run in the future. Based on the modeling result, the study identified four key variables that significantly influence mode shifting probability in Bandung City: 1) private vehicle ownership, 2) driving license ownership, 3) people’s perception of current transportation costs, and 4) people’s perception of the level of comfort provided by the mode of transportation. If in the future the angkot in Bandung City is improved with better comfort and affordability, approximately only 3.31% of workers will start using the angkot. This very low probability indicates that if in the future the government wants to shift working people from private vehicles to the angkot, then the angkot must be transformed. Abstrak. Bandung merupakan salah satu kota besar di Indonesia yang memiliki posisi strategis sebagai pusat kawasan metropolitan. Paratransit yang paling dominan dengan jangkauan terluas di Kota Bandung adalah angkot, kendaraan roda empat kecil (minibus) yang telah dimodifikasi untuk digunakan sebagai transportasi umum. Namun, layanan paratransit ini tidak memadai dan tidak dapat diandalkan sehingga mendorong orang untuk menggunakan kendaraan pribadi dalam mendukung perjalanan sehari-hari, yang menyebabkan kemacetan lalu lintas semakin parah. Pekerja merupakan kelompok penghasil lalu lintas terbesar di kota Bandung. Pola komuter yang teratur serta proporsi penduduk kota Bandung yang besar (47,78% dari total penduduk pada tahun 2020) menjadikan kelompok ini sebagai determinan penting dalam transportasi Kota Bandung. Pergeseran moda transportasi pekerja dari angkutan pribadi ke angkutan umum termasuk angkot diprediksi dapat mengurangi kemacetan di beberapa tingkatan. Melalui regresi logistik biner, penelitian ini memberikan analisis probabilitas perpindahan moda ke angkot, faktor-faktor kunci yang dapat diintervensi untuk meningkatkan probabilitas perpindahan tersebut, serta sejauh mana intervensi terhadap faktor-faktor tersebut akan meningkatkan penggunaan angkot sehingga dapat memberikan gambaran karakteristik angkot di masa depan yang kontras dengan kondisi saat ini, dalam kasus moda transportasi ini tetap berjalan di masa yang akan datang. Berdasarkan hasil pemodelan, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi empat variabel kunci yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap probabilitas perpindahan moda di Kota Bandung: 1) kepemilikan kendaraan pribadi, 2) kepemilikan SIM, 3) persepsi masyarakat terhadap biaya transportasi saat ini, dan 4) persepsi masyarakat terhadap tingkat kenyamanan yang diberikan oleh moda transportasi tersebut. Jika kedepannya angkot di Kota Bandung ditingkatkan dengan kenyamanan dan keterjangkauan yang lebih baik, kira-kira hanya 3,31% pekerja yang akan mulai menggunakan angkot. Probabilitas yang sangat rendah ini menunjukkan bahwa jika di masa depan pemerintah ingin memindahkan pekerja dari kendaraan pribadi ke angkot, maka angkot tersebut harus diubah. Kata kunci. Pergeseran moda, angkot, pekerja, logistik biner.

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AWARENESS AMONG TRICYCLE DRIVERS IN DIGOS CITY, PHILIPPINES

<p>As humankind progresses into an age of heavy economic change, motor vehicle ownership rapidly increases, significantly altering Earth's biogeochemical composition, resulting in environmental pollution and loss of ecological stability. Given the need for global action, this study, however, investigated the level of environmental awareness in terms of environmental laws and environmental city ordinances in Digos City, Philippines. A quantitative-descriptive method was utilized in employing the study. A modified self-made questionnaire was administered to 200 tricycle drivers of Digos City, Philippines. Results revealed that older tricycle drivers and those who have long experiences have better awareness on environmental laws and city ordinances compared to young tricycle drivers and those who have shorter experiences as tricycle drivers. Thus, there is still a great need for heavy reinforcement regarding environmental legal frameworks, especially among young tricycle drivers in Digos City, Philippines.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0996/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Heterogeneity in Generational Effects: Case Study of Ride-hailing Behavior Among Millennials

This paper presents an investigation of the use and frequency of use of ride-hail services. In particular, we explored the role of generational effects and the heterogeneity involved in Millennials’ decision making when it comes to ride-hail choices. Using an ordered logistic regression structure, different statistical models were developed and tested, including fixed-effects and random parameter models, as well as the inclusion of interaction effects and attitudinal factors. Initial results from the fixed-effects model showed that the younger cohorts, including Millennials and Generation Z, showed a significantly positive preference for more frequent ride-hail use, whereas the older cohorts’ preferences (Generation X, Baby Boomers, and older) did not show any significant effects on ride-hail frequency. In the next step, the presence of heterogeneity among Millennials was tested using random parameters. The results confirmed that Millennials’ usage of ride-hail was heterogeneous, and this was statistically significant at the 90% confidence interval [Formula: see text]. To identify sources of heterogeneity, interaction effects were added to the model. Accordingly, use of ride-hail was more popular among middle-aged Millennials (30 to 34 years old) and Millennials with higher incomes. Likewise, attitudes such as cost sensitivity (toward private vehicle ownership), and being a rational user resulted in higher frequency ride-hail use across Millennials. On the contrary, unemployed Millennials were less likely to utilize ride-hail. The results from this study provide a more transparent picture of current ride-hail market segmentation, which could help predict the future market comprising autonomous vehicles and other emerging mobility options.