Tailoring freshwater diets towards boosted immunity and pancreas disease infection robustness in Atlantic salmon post smolts

ABSTRACT Cell culture isolates of salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) of farmed Atlantic salmon and sleeping disease virus (SDV) of rainbow trout were compared. Excluding the poly(A) tracts, the genomic nucleotide sequences of SPDV and SDV RNAs include 11,919 and 11,900 nucleotides, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis places SPDV and SDV between the New World viruses of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and Eastern equine encephalitis virus and the Old World viruses of Aura virus and Sindbis virus. When compared to each other, SPDV and SDV show 91.1% nucleotide sequence identity over their complete genomes, with 95 and 93.6% amino acid identities over their nonstructural and structural proteins, respectively. Notable differences between the two viruses include a 24-nucleotide insertion in the C terminus of nsP3 protein of SPDV and amino acid sequence variation at the C termini of the capsid and E1 proteins. Experimental infections of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout with SPDV and SDV confirmed that the disease lesions induced by SPDV and SDV were similar in nature. Although infections with SPDV and SDV produced similar levels of histopathology in rainbow trout, SDV induced significantly less severe lesions in salmon than did SPDV. Virus neutralization tests performed with sera from experimentally infected salmon indicated that SPDV and SDV belonged to the same serotype; however, antigenic variation was detected among SDV and geographically different SPDV isolates by using monoclonal antibodies. Although SPDV and SDV exhibit minor biological differences, we conclude on the basis of the close genetic similarity that SPDV and SDV are closely related isolates of the same virus species for which the name Salmonid alphavirus is proposed.

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Digestive enzyme levels and histopathology of pancreas disease in farmed atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology ◽

10.1016/0300-9629(92)90737-b ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 102 (4) ◽

pp. 759-768 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

G.M. Pringle ◽

D.F. Houlihan ◽

K.R. Callanan ◽

A.I. Mitchell ◽

R.S. Ravnard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Pancreas Disease ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Farmed Atlantic Salmon

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Risk factors for pancreas disease (PD) outbreaks in farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in Norway during 2003–2007

Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.04.003 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 90 (1-2) ◽

pp. 127-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

A.B. Kristoffersen ◽

H. Viljugrein ◽

R.T. Kongtorp ◽

E. Brun ◽

P.A. Jansen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Rainbow Trout ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Pancreas Disease ◽

Farmed Atlantic Salmon

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Analysis of a company's production data to describe the epidemiology and persistence of pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) farms off Western Scotland

Aquaculture ◽

10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.09.004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 368-369 ◽

pp. 89-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

R. Kilburn ◽

A.G. Murray ◽

M. Hall ◽

D.W. Bruno ◽

D. Cockerill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Production Data ◽

Pancreas Disease ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

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Salmonid alphavirus (SAV)

Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2478/jvetres-2018-0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Izabela Deperasińska ◽

Patrycja Schulz ◽

Andrzej K. Siwicki

Keyword(s):

Rainbow Trout ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Fish Mortality ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Pancreas Disease ◽

Similar Disease ◽

European Aquaculture

AbstractSalmonid alphavirus (SAV), genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, is a single-stranded RNA virus affecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is known to be responsible for pancreas disease (PD) and sleeping disease (SD) which are increasing problems, causing high fish mortality and economic losses in the European aquaculture industry. Pancreas disease was first described in Atlantic salmon in Scotland in 1976 and a similar disease caused by the closely related sleeping disease virus was first described in rainbow trout in France. There have also been reports of salmonid alphavirus infections from other European countries, including Ireland, England, Norway, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Salmonid alphaviruses have been classified into six subtypes (SAV1–6). SAV1 and SAV4–6 cause pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon in Ireland or Scotland, SAV2 is the causative agent of sleeping disease in rainbow trout, and SAV3 has been detected in Atlantic salmon in Norway. The aim of this paper was to summarise current knowledge of infections caused by salmonid alphavirus and diagnostic methods including the newest techniques, and to briefly describe prevention from SAV infections by vaccination.

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