Financial crises in historical perspective: Parallels between the past and present

This article surveys the co-evolution of monetary policy and financial stability for a number of countries from 1880 to the present. Historical evidence on the incidence, costs, and determinants of financial crises (the most extreme form of financial instability), combined with narratives on some famous financial crises, suggests that financial crises have many causes, including credit-driven asset price booms, which have become more prevalent in recent decades, but in general financial crises are very heterogeneous and hard to categorize. Moreover, evidence shows that the association across the country sample between credit booms, asset price booms, and serious financial crises is quite weak.

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Historical perspective of neurology in Iran

Iranian Journal of Neurology ◽

10.18502/ijnl.v18i1.943 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Shri Kant-Mishra ◽

Hadi Mohammad Khanli ◽

Golnoush Akhlaghipour ◽

Ghazaleh Ahmadi Jazi ◽

Shaweta Khosa1

Keyword(s):

Historical Perspective ◽

Medical Center ◽

Medical Science ◽

Early Period ◽

Medieval Period ◽

Neurologic Diseases ◽

The Past ◽

Modern Period ◽

History Of ◽

Modern Era

Iran is an ancient country, known as the cradle of civilization. The history of medicine in Iran goes back to the existence of a human in this country, divided into three periods: pre-Islamic, medieval, and modern period. There are records of different neurologic terms from the early period, while Zoroastrian (religious) prescription was mainly used until the foundation of the first medical center (Gondishapur). In the medieval period, with the conquest of Islam, prominent scientists were taught in Baghdad, like Avicenna, who referred to different neurologic diseases including stroke, paralysis, tremor, and meningitis. Several outstanding scientists developed the medical science of neurology in Iran, the work of whom has been used by other countries in the past and present. In the modern era, the Iranian Neurological Association was established with the efforts of Professor Jalal Barimani in 1991.

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Digital Prepress

Computer Graphics and Multimedia ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-196-4.ch002 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 24-39

Author(s):

Mark Snyder

Keyword(s):

Historical Perspective ◽

Print Media ◽

Digital Technologies ◽

Printing Industry ◽

New Techniques ◽

Digital Revolution ◽

The Past ◽

Problems And Solutions ◽

Common Problems ◽

Work Done

This chapter identifies changes that the printing industry has undergone during the past 25 years as a result of the digital revolution. It also provides a brief historical perspective of the printing industry and how it has evolved. It is undeniable that the computer has had an impact on the development of print media and today it is rare to find any prepress work done without the use of some digital technology. The workflow of a traditional printed piece is described from start to finish and is compared to a more modern digital workflow to familiarize readers with the processes and contrast the old with the new techniques. This chapter will identify common problems that occur in the preparation of print media using digital technologies. In particular, it will explore a variety of problems and solutions related to the use of digital prepress as well as identifying new innovations intended to improve prepress operations in the future.

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Memories and Uses of the Past

10.1093/oso/9780198870906.003.0001 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Youssef Cassis ◽

Catherine R. Schenk

Keyword(s):

Financial Crisis ◽

Financial Institutions ◽

Financial Crises ◽

Academic Disciplines ◽

Conceptual Frameworks ◽

Historical Perspectives ◽

The Past ◽

Past Experiences ◽

The Impact

This chapter establishes the conceptual frameworks for assessing memories of financial crises and the ways that the past is used in periods of financial crisis. We use this framework to address three fundamental questions: first, are financial crises remembered, and if so how? Second, have lessons been drawn from past financial crises? And third, have past experiences been used in order to make practical decisions when confronted with a new crisis? These questions are of course related, yet they have been approached from different historical perspectives, using methodologies borrowed from different academic disciplines. One of the objectives of this book is to explore how these approaches can complement each other in order to better understand the relationships between remembering and learning from financial crises and how the past is used by financial institutions. It thus recognizes financial crisis as a recurring phenomenon and addresses the impact that this has in a range of public and policy contexts.

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Moving Forward with an Eye on the Past

Facilitating In-Service Teacher Training for Professional Development - Advances in Higher Education and Professional Development ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1747-4.ch007 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 112-128

Author(s):

Jerome C. Bush

Keyword(s):

Professional Development ◽

Teacher Research ◽

Historical Perspective ◽

First Century ◽

Past Century ◽

Research Projects ◽

The Past ◽

Transformative Potential ◽

New Models ◽

Potential Benefits

Teacher research has become a well-known term in professional development circles, yet it is still often misunderstood. This chapter seeks to facilitate those who are interested in teacher research by providing a historical perspective. Understanding the development of teacher research over that past century will allow interested parties to move forward with greater insight of the potential benefits and drawbacks inherent in teacher research. Such an analysis may lead to increased success for teacher research projects as the twenty-first century unfolds. Although teacher research can be a challenging form of professional development, it has incredible transformative potential. It has the potential to enhance the entire profession of teaching as well as the knowledge, skills and abilities of individual teachers. A call is made for teachers and academics to move forward by forming an alliance to explore new models and methods of teacher research.

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Lässt sich die Geldschöpfung der Geschäftsbanken noch kontrollieren? – Geldpolitik seit der jüngsten Finanzkrise 2007/2008

Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung ◽

10.3790/vjh.87.3.47 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 47-63

Author(s):

Mathias Binswanger

Keyword(s):

Monetary Policy ◽

Financial Crisis ◽

Interest Rates ◽

Financial Crises ◽

Commercial Banks ◽

Central Banks ◽

The Past ◽

Monetary Authorities ◽

Money Creation ◽

Recent Financial Crisis

Zusammenfassung: Als Folge der jüngsten Finanzkrise ist der Einfluss der Zentralbanken auf die Geldschöpfung weitgehend verloren gegangen. Denn die Kontrolle über Reserven funktioniert nur solange, wie diese knapp sind und deren Bezug an bestimmte Bedingungen geknüpft werden kann. Seither halten die Geschäftsbanken in den ökonomisch wichtigsten Ländern de facto dermaßen viele Reserven, dass sie nicht mehr auf die jeweilige Zentralbank angewiesen sind. Diese Entwicklung lässt sich sowohl für die FED als auch für die EZB aufzeigen. Dies führt zu geldpolitisch neuen Herausforderungen, die bisher kaum beachtet wurden. Die Einflussmöglichkeit der Zentralbanken auf den Geldschöpfungsprozess der Geschäftsbanken wurde noch nie in so großem Stil ausgehebelt. Deshalb müssen Zentralbanken in Zukunft ihr Repertoire an geldpolitischen Massnahmen erweitern. Nur mit dem Drehen an der Zinsschraube wird man den Geldschöpfungsprozess in Zukunft kaum mehr in gewünschter Weise beeinflussen können. Summary: As a result of the recent financial crisis, the influence of central banks on money creation has largely disappeared. Controlling this process only works as long as money creation of commercial banks also leads to a need for additional reserves from the central bank. However, the large asset purchase programs of monetary authorities after the financial crises resulted in an enormous increase in reserves at commercial banks. Therefore, commercial banks have enough reserves to create additional money at large amounts and do not depend on central banks any more. This development is indicative for both the FED and the ECB. Therefore central banks face the challenge how they can restore their influence on the process of money creation. Just lowering or increasing interest rates, which was the major way of conducting monetary policy in the past, will not work anymore in the future.

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Temporal Deixis in Old Saxon and Old High German

Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur (PBB) ◽

10.1515/bgsl-2019-0012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 141 (2) ◽

pp. 157-181

Author(s):

Valentina Concu

Keyword(s):

Historical Perspective ◽

Old High German ◽

Old Saxon ◽

The Past ◽

Specific Event ◽

Chronological Sequence ◽

Past Tenses

Abstract Jetzt ›now‹ and bald ›soon‹ are frequently used in German to express temporal references with present and future readings, respectively. However, it is not unusual to find them combined with the Perfekt and Präteritum, which are commonly described in the literature as past tenses. Although such use of temporal deixis in Modern German is well studied, there is still little research on this topic from a historical perspective. In this paper, I attempt to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the use of the adverb nu ›now‹, ›then‹ in Old Saxon and Old High German. Textual analyses of these works reveal that the ›Hêliand‹ and the ›Evangelienbuch‹ exhibit a use of the adverb nu similar to the use of jetzt and bald in Modern German, since it was found in combination not only with the Präsens, but also with the Präteritum, and with what can be recognized as the prototype of the modern Perfekt. The analyses also show that, although nu was often used as a pragmatic marker to highlight particular passages or convey the author’s attitude in relation to a specific event, it also retained its temporal meaning, especially when combined with the past tenses, establishing the chronological sequence of the narration.

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