Cell polarization is the specialization of developmental events along one orientation or one direction. Such polarization must be an early, essential stage of tissue patterning. The specification of orientation could not occur only at the level of the genetic system and it must express a coordination of events in many cells. There is a positive feedback relation between cell polarization and the transport of the known hormone auxin: polarity determines oriented auxin transport while transport itself induces both new and continued polarization. Since cell polarization increases gradually, this feedback leads to the canalization of transport – and of the associated cell differentiation – along defined strands of specialized cells. Recent work has shown that the same canalized flow can also be an important determinant of cell shape. In primordial, embryonic regions cell growth is oriented along the flow of auxin from the shoot towards the root. In later developmental stages the cells respond to the same flow by growing in girth, presumably adjusting the capacity of the tissues to the flow of signals. Finally, disrupted flow near wounds results in the development of relatively unorganized callus. Continued callus development appears to require the participation of the cells, as sources and sinks of auxin and other signals. The overall picture to emerge suggests that cell patterning can result from competition between cells acting as preferred channels, sources and sinks for developmental signals.
Biofilm Lithography enables high-resolution cell patterning via optogenetic adhesin expression
