An evolutionary model of social change in the Middle Ohio Valley: Was social complexity impossible during the late woodland but mandatory during the late prehistoric?

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Nolan ◽  
Robert A. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Late Woodland ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Ohio Valley

Horticulture and the Maintenance of Social Complexity in Late Woodland Southeastern New England

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Benison
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
New England ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Late Woodland ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Environmental Regimes ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Land Use Practices

Macrobotanical data from several southeastern New England sites are reviewed to provide a framework for examining changing social organization during the Late Woodland (ca. a.d. 800–1600). This article argues that the degree to which incipient maize horticulture entailed shifts in social complexity has not been well-defined by researchers. Minimally, introduction of maize into traditional economies gave rise to comparatively more complex relationships between resident late prehistoric groups and local environmental regimes. A gradually increasing commitment to economic systems which included maize and other seed-bearing plants led to increased levels of complexity in labor organization and land-use practices. Changing perceptions of cultural “belongingness,” prompted by competition for lands suitable for cultivation, influenced how local groups conceived and expressed intra-and intergroup sociopolitical identities. Such shifts in perceptions of sociopolitical differences in late prehistory are traceable in ideological structures reflected in mortuary patterning represented in the regional archaeological record.

Woodland Social Change in the Central Midwest: A Review and Evaluation of Interpretive Trends

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Tainter
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Late Woodland ◽  
Middle Woodland ◽  
West Central ◽  
Central Illinois

The analysis of Middle Woodland to Late Woodland social change in west-central Illinois has produced contrasting interpretations of decreasing and increasing complexity. This paper evaluates both views, showing that available evidence is most consistent with the interpretation of social collapse at the Middle to Late Woodland transition.

Population Aggregation and the Emergence of Circular Villages in Southwest Virginia

2018 ◽  
pp. 140-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Jefferies
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
North America ◽  
Late Woodland ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Settlement Structure ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Late Prehistoric Period ◽  
Population Aggregation

Archaeological evidence from throughout much of eastern North America documents a transition from small, scattered settlements to nucleated, often circular, villages during the Late Woodland/Late Prehistoric period (ca. A.D. 1000-1600). In southwestern Virginia's Appalachian Highlands, this transition is marked by the appearance of large circular palisaded villages associated with what Howard MacCord called the Intermontane Culture. This paper investigates the origin, structure, and spatial distribution of Late Woodland circular villages across the southern Appalachian landscape and compares their emergence to similar trends in settlement structure and organization witnessed in other parts of the Appalachian Highlands and beyond.

“The Great Brotherhood of the West”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ohio Valley ◽  
The West

Chapter Four examines evolving definitions of loyalty after emancipation and black enlistment, contending that the Ohio Valley, with its persistent Copperheadism, was perhaps the last place in the United States where sectionalism, a form of geographic identity associated with the politics of slavery and civil war, destabilized regionalism. Again, soldiers and civilians adapted the language of region and race either to back or to reject social change. Although Copperheadism dissolved following Abraham Lincoln’s reelection in November 1864, its racial, regional, and economic language was repurposed during the postconflict era by enemies of Reconstruction.

Late Prehistoric Petroleum Collection in Pennsylvania: Radiocarbon Evidence

2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-755
Author(s):  
Karen A. Selsor ◽  
Richard R. Burky ◽  
Donna L. Kirner ◽  
Judith E. Thomas ◽  
John R. Southon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Late Woodland ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Aboriginal Populations ◽  
Historic Data ◽  
Western Pennsylvania

Previous reports using archaeological, ethnohistoric, and historic data have proposed that petroleum was extracted by pre-contact aboriginal populations in western Pennsylvania employing wood-lined pits. A suite of AMS-based 14C analyses on total amino acid extracts on nine duplicate samples from a homogenized decadal (10-year) sample of wood taken from a single stake removed from a pit feature at Drake Well Park, Titusville, Pennsylvania, has permitted the calibration of a mean 14C age of 480 ± 15 B.P. to a 2 sigma (95.4%) confidence interval of A.D. 1415-1440. An early fifteenth-century age for this feature supports the view that petroleum exploitation in this region occurred during Late Woodland times.

Some Aspects of Eastern North American Prehistory: a Review 1975

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don W. Dragoo
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Woodland Period ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Middle Woodland ◽  
Ohio Valley ◽  
Middle Woodland Period ◽  
North American Archaeology ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
North American Prehistory

Eastern North American was the scene of significant and complex cultural developments which go back to man’s earliest penetration into mid-continent through the ice-free corridor from Alaska probably more than 30,000 years ago. The most extensive remains of Early Man’s culture in the New World are in the Southeast where several stages of development can be demonstrated. Following the Wisconsin Glacial period the descendants of the Early Lithic hunters-gatherers began the gradual adjustment to a variety of ecological environments that gave rise to distinctive regional or zonal Archaic complexes in the East. By late Archaic times burial ceremonialism was a prominent feature of several complexes scattered from the Northeast into the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. The Woodland cultures of the East such as Adena and Hopewell developed upon a local Archaic base without new and different populations bringing exotic cultural ideas to the East. The major new traits of the Woodland period may be seen as developing internally or as the result of independent diffusion at various times from outside stimuli. The changes from Woodland cultures to those of the Mississipian Late Prehistoric reflect a reorientation of sociocultural institutions resulting from an improved economic base and an increased population. Recent studies document the former existence of extensive trade among various peoples over a long time but especially prominent during the Hopewellian or Middle Woodland period. Increased information on settlement patterns often indicates complex adaptations in habitation and living patterns to insure maximum utilization of natural resources. Clearly much remains to be done in eastern North American archaeology. We are far from knowing the answers to many complex problems in this highly important area. New methods and techniques now being used will greatly increase the efficiency of our data collecting and the inferences that may be drawn from these data.

scholarly journals Social Change and Increasing of Bipolar Disorders: An Evolutionary Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Giovanni Carta
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Western Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Evolving Context ◽  
The 1960S

Introduction: The objective of this paper is to see if behaviours defined as pathological and maladjusted in certain contexts may produce adaptive effects in other contexts, especially if they occur in attenuated form. Interactions between environment and behaviour are studied from an evolutionary standpoint in an attempt to understand how new attitudes emerge in an evolving context. Methodology: Narrative review. Following an historical examination of how the description of depression in Western society has changed, we examine a series of studies performed in areas where great changes have taken place as well as research on emigration from Sardinia in the 1960s and 70s and immigration to Sardinia in the 1990s. Results and conclusions: If we postulate that mood disorders are on the increase and that the epidemic began in the 17th century with the "English malady", we must suppose that at least the "light" forms have an adaptive advantage, otherwise the expansion of the disorder would have been self-limiting. "Compulsive hyper-responsabilization”, as well as explorative behaviours, may represent a base for adaptation in certain conditions of social change. The social emphasis in individualism and responsibility may have changed not only the frequency, but also the phenomenology of mood disorders particularly the increases in bipolar disorders. From the sociobiological standpoint the conditions that may favour "subthreshold" bipolar or depressive features are to be considered in relation to the contextual role of gender and the different risks of the two disorders in males and females.

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