The origins of mining extend back several million years to when the first hominines in Africa, and subsequently in Europe and Asia, used their bare hands to collect loose rock to make stone tools. This gradually evolved into the systematic collection of rocks with desired properties, as well as an interest in earth minerals such as iron ochre. A desire for these substances led in some cases to more organized collection, involving surface quarrying and eventually underground mining. This activity increased significantly in Europe with the adoption of farming after 7000 BC in the Neolithic period. There is evidence for highly organized mining of flint and other hard rocks to make stone axes and other tools at centres such as Grimes Graves in England, Spiennes in Belgium, and Casa Montero near Madrid, among many others. Mining is also the process by which metal was obtained from the Earth’s surface. Metal objects were first made in the Middle East approximately 10,000 years ago; however, the oldest known copper mines are recorded in Europe. The discovery there of thousands of copper, bronze, and gold objects is a strong indicator that the mining of these metals was a widespread activity during the late prehistoric period. This began with the first use of copper and gold in what is known as the Chalcolithic (‘Copper Age’), which occurred in different regions between the sixth and third millennia BC. Technical advances and growing demand for metal led to the widespread adoption of bronze by 2000 BC, or soon afterwards. This was made possible by the discovery of copper and tin sources in many parts of Europe. Some of these were mined intensively over long periods during the Bronze Age that followed, while others were worked on a smaller scale. The copper produced was supplied to areas without their own resources, creating trade networks that provided economic opportunities and played an important role in cultural exchanges across the Continent. This book is concerned with the prehistory of copper mining and its important place in shaping European societies during the period 5500–500 BC.