Association between early-onset affective disorders and hypothyroidism in a larger number of psychiatric drug-free patients

A major problem in the affective disorders is what constitutes an homogeneous illness. A recent study enabled us to separate depressive illnesses into two types (1). The first we have called ‘depression spectrum disease’; its prototype is a female with an onset of a depressive illness before the age of 40, in whose family more depression is seen in female relatives than in male relatives, the deficit in males being made up by alcoholism and sociopathy. The second illness we have called ‘pure depressive disease’, the prototype of which is a male whose depression starts after age 40 and in whom there are equal amounts of depression in both male and female relatives and no large amount of alcoholism or sociopathy in the males. First degree relatives of depression spectrum disease are more likely to be psychiatrically ill (depression, sociopathy or alcoholism) than first degree relatives of pure depressive disease probands. Data of Hopkinson and Ley support this concept in part (2); they found that early-onset affective probands (< 40) had higher morbid risks for affective illness in relatives than late-onset probands (onset after 40). Further confirmation comes from a study of 259 alcoholics and their first degree relatives (3). Most of the psychiatrically ill male relatives had alcoholism; most of the psychiatrically ill female relatives had depression. As of the present the differentiation of the two kinds of depressive illness is made on the basis of a specific familial predisposition. Major clinical differences in the two groups have eluded us.

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Developmental Profiles: Early-Onset Compared to Late-Onset Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders

Recent Progress in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry ◽

10.1007/978-4-431-68525-8_14 ◽

1996 ◽

pp. 146-157

Author(s):

Yuji Okazaki ◽

Kosuke Fujimaru ◽

Yoshibumi Nakane ◽

Yasutaka Muto ◽

Yuji Minami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Affective Disorders ◽

Early Onset ◽

Late Onset ◽

Developmental Profiles

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Current issues in child and adolescent psychopharmacology. Part 1: Attention-deficit hyperactivity and affective disorders

Advances in Psychiatric Treatment ◽

10.1192/apt.9.2.86 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 86-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dave Coghill

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Affective Disorders ◽

Early Onset ◽

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽

Child And Adolescent ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Adolescent Psychopharmacology ◽

Drug Treatments ◽

Research Findings

Drug treatments play an important role in the treatment of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. However, there is often a long delay before research findings are translated into clinical practice; furthermore, changes in clinical practice outstrip the available evidence. This paper focuses on current issues and research findings on the pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and affective disorders. Clinical findings from a US study of the treatment of ADHD with extended-release stimulants and non-stimulants, and the development and use of clinical guidelines are discussed. Clinical trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for early-onset depression, approaches to managing treatment-resistant depression and guidance on the drug treatment of early-onset mania are considered.

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Effects of Lithium Salts on Memory

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.131.5.453 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 131 (5) ◽

pp. 453-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

K. S. Kusumo ◽

M. Vaughan

Keyword(s):

Affective Disorders ◽

Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Lithium Salts ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Psychiatric Status ◽

Drug Free

Thirteen patients diagnosed as having affective disorders, and who were taking lithium, were compared with drug-free controls on short-term and long-term memory tasks. There was some indication that patients on lithium may show an impairment of short-term memory at fifteen-second delay intervals, and possibly enhanced long-term recall of difficult material. Further comparison with results obtained from six patients on tricyclic antidepressants seemed to reduce the possibility that the lithium group's scores were a function of their psychiatric status.As the group sizes were small, all the findings need to be replicated.

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Subjective Side-Effects of Amitriptyline and Lithium in Affective Disorders

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.142.4.391 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 142 (4) ◽

pp. 391-397 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

M. T. Abou-Saleh ◽

A. Coppen

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Affective Disorders ◽

Significant Positive Correlation ◽

Psychological Variables ◽

Personality Variables ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Unilateral Headache ◽

Drug Free ◽

Subjective Side

SummaryThe prevalence of subjective side-effects was studied in 258 control subjects, 65 drug-free depressive in-patients and 94 lithium-treated out-patients. It was shown that drug-free depressives reported more side-effects than both control subjects and lithium-treated patients. Side-effects were studied during amitriptyline therapy. Depressed patients on no medication complained of only slightly fewer side-effects than when they had received amitriptyline. There was a significant positive correlation of Hamilton depression scores and side-effects scores at baseline. Side-effects and affective morbidity over two years were investigated in 94 patients with recurrent affective disorders on long-term lithium therapy. Psychological variables were also investigated in 74 of these patients. Subjective side-effects reported by lithium-treated patients including those specific to lithium were related to their affective morbidity and personality variables. Patients on lithium complained significantly less of headache and unilateral headache than controls.

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Effect of piperacillin on morphology and viability of gram-negative bacteria

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100111203 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 218-219

Author(s):

R. H. Liss

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽

Drug Binding ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Penicillin Binding Proteins ◽

Lactam Antibiotic ◽

Drug Free ◽

Tube Dilution

Piperacillip (PIP) is b-[D(-)-α-(4-ethy1-2,3-dioxo-l-piperzinylcar-bonylamino)-α-phenylacetamido]-penicillanate. The broad spectrum semisynthetic β-lactam antibiotic is believed to effect bactericidal activity through its affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane that control elongation and septation during cell growth and division. The purpose of this study was to correlate penetration and binding of 14C-PIP in bacterial cells with drug-induced lethal changes assessed by microscopic, microbiologic and biochemical methods.The bacteria used were clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Figure 1). Sensitivity to the drug was determined by serial tube dilution in Trypticase Soy Broth (BBL) at an inoculum of 104 organisms/ml; the minimum inhibitory concentration of piperacillin for both bacteria was 1 μg/ml. To assess drug binding to PBPs, the bacteria were incubated with 14C-PIP (5 μg/0.09 μCi/ml); controls, in drug-free medium.

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