Types of Depressive Illness

1972 ◽  
Vol 120 (556) ◽  
pp. 265-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Winokur
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Familial Predisposition ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
First Degree Relatives

A major problem in the affective disorders is what constitutes an homogeneous illness. A recent study enabled us to separate depressive illnesses into two types (1). The first we have called ‘depression spectrum disease’; its prototype is a female with an onset of a depressive illness before the age of 40, in whose family more depression is seen in female relatives than in male relatives, the deficit in males being made up by alcoholism and sociopathy. The second illness we have called ‘pure depressive disease’, the prototype of which is a male whose depression starts after age 40 and in whom there are equal amounts of depression in both male and female relatives and no large amount of alcoholism or sociopathy in the males. First degree relatives of depression spectrum disease are more likely to be psychiatrically ill (depression, sociopathy or alcoholism) than first degree relatives of pure depressive disease probands. Data of Hopkinson and Ley support this concept in part (2); they found that early-onset affective probands (< 40) had higher morbid risks for affective illness in relatives than late-onset probands (onset after 40). Further confirmation comes from a study of 259 alcoholics and their first degree relatives (3). Most of the psychiatrically ill male relatives had alcoholism; most of the psychiatrically ill female relatives had depression. As of the present the differentiation of the two kinds of depressive illness is made on the basis of a specific familial predisposition. Major clinical differences in the two groups have eluded us.

The Iowa 500: Follow-up of 225 Depressives

1973 ◽  
Vol 123 (576) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Winokur ◽  
James Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Family Studies ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
First Degree Relatives

In previous studies we have suggested that there are two types of depressive illness (4, 5). The first of these is depressive spectrum disease which has as its prototype the early-onset female depressive; the second type is pure depressive disease, the prototype of which is the late-onset male depressive. Other family studies support the differences between these two prototypes (1, 8). The early-onset females have a considerable amount of alcoholism and probably sociopathy in their male first-degree relatives. The late-onset males have an ordinary amount of these illnesses in their male relatives. In the families of early-onset females, female relatives outnumber male relatives for the presence of depressive illness; this is not seen in late-onset males, where male and female relatives have equal amounts of depressive illness.

Age, Age of Onset and Course of Primary Depressive Illness in the Elderly*

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin G. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Course Of Illness

Thirty-eight elderly patients with primary depressive illness (Feighner criteria) were followed up for 7–31 months. In the absence of persistent organic signs and severe physical illness, age of onset (first depressive episode after 60) but not age was significantly related to course of illness. Compared to early onset depressives, late onset depressives were more likely to remain completely well during the follow-up period and less likely to have frequent or disabling relapses.

Morbidity Risks in Subtypes of Unipolar Depressive Illness: Differences Between Early and Late Onset Forms

1981 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mendlewicz ◽  
M. Baron
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
New York State ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Institute ◽  
State Psychiatric ◽  
Morbidity Risks ◽  
Morbidity Risk

SummaryDespite the high prevalence of unipolar depression in the general population, few genetic studies are available on subtypes of unipolar illness. We evaluated morbid risks for depression, alcoholism and/or sociopathy in the relatives of early onset (before age 40) and late onset (after age 40) unipolar patients in a sample of 106 probands consecutively admitted to the New York State Psychiatric Institute. Unipolar patients with an early onset disease have a greater familial morbidity for depression, alcoholism and sociopathy than unipolar patients with a late onset disease. There is an excess of unipolar depression in female relatives of early onset unipolars when compared to late onset probands, regardless of the proband's sex. Alcoholism and sociopathy are also more prevalent in the relatives of early onset unipolars versus late onset probands. Our morbidity risk data show familial genetic differences between early and late onset forms of unipolar illness and partially confirm Winokur's concept of two subtypes of unipolar depression.

Developmental Profiles: Early-Onset Compared to Late-Onset Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders

1996 ◽  
pp. 146-157
Author(s):  
Yuji Okazaki ◽  
Kosuke Fujimaru ◽  
Yoshibumi Nakane ◽  
Yasutaka Muto ◽  
Yuji Minami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Developmental Profiles

Assortative mating among in-patients with primary affective disorder

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Ries Merikangas ◽  
Duane G. Spiker
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Marital Interaction ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Diagnostic Concordance ◽  
Primary Affective Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Patients ◽  
High Degree

SynopsisAssortative mating among 56 married in-patients with primary affective disorders and their spouses was studied by determining the prevalence of psychiatric illness among the spouses by means of direct interviews and standardized diagnostic criteria. A high degree of assortative mating among both male and female patients was observed for total psychiatric illness, broad spectrum affective illness and major depression. A significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric and affective illness was found among the first-degree relatives of the ill spouses when compared with the first-degree relatives of the well spouses. There was a high degree of diagnostic concordance between the patients and spouses for both affective illness and alcoholism, with a higher degree of assortative mating among bipolar patients than among unipolar patients. The finding in this study of an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the first-degree relatives of the ill spouses would support the hypothesis that there is a tendency for individuals with a predisposition to psychiatric illness to marry, rather than the existence of a marital interaction which causes an increased concordance for psychiatric illness.

Age at Onset, Sex, and Familial Psychiatric Morbidity in Schizophrenia

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pak Chung Sham ◽  
Peter Jones ◽  
Ailsa Russell ◽  
Karyna Gilvarry ◽  
Paul Bebbington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Functional Psychosis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Research Diagnostic Criteria

BackgroundAlthough a genetic component in schizophrenia is well established, it is likely that the contribution of genetic factors is not constant for all cases. Several recent studies have found that the relatives of female or early onset schizophrenic patients have an increased risk of schizophrenia, compared to relatives of male or late onset cases. These hypotheses are tested in the current study.MethodA family study design was employed; the probands were 195 patients with functional psychosis admitted to three south London hospitals, diagnosed using Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), and assessed using the Present State Examination (PSE). Information on their relatives was obtained by personal interview of the mother of the proband, and from medical records. Psychiatric diagnoses were made using Family History – Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH-RDC), blind to proband information.ResultsThere was a tendency for homotypia in the form of psychosis within families. The lifetime risk of schizophrenia in the first degree relatives of schizophrenic probands, and the risk of bipolar disorder in the first degree relatives of bipolar probands, were 5–10 times higher than reported population risks. Relatives of female and early onset (<22 years) schizophrenic probands had higher risk of schizophrenia than relatives of male and late onset schizophrenic probands. However, this effect was compensated in part by an excess of non-schizophrenic psychoses in the relatives of male probands.ConclusionsThese results suggest a high familial, possibly genetic, loading in female and early onset schizophrenia, but do not resolve the question of heterogeneity within schizophrenia.

A Comparison of Early-Onset and Late-Onset Depressive Illness in the Elderly

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Burvill ◽  
W. D. Hall ◽  
H. G. Stampfer ◽  
J. P. Emmerson
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Underlying Factor ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Clinical Measures ◽  
Social Demographic

Elderly patients with early-onset and late-onset depressive illness presenting to psychiatrists for treatment were compared for social, demographic, and clinical measures. For most factors measured no statistically significant differences were found. In the early-onset cases, patients were significantly more severely depressed. There was some evidence for the hypotheses that family history is less important and biological factors more important in late-onset depression. It is suggested that the latter hypothesis should be tested by a range of the newer neuroanatomical and neurophysiological laboratory investigations. The findings indicate that neuroticism is an important underlying factor in both early-onset and late-onset depression in the elderly.

Affective Illness in First Degree Relatives, Parental Loss and Family Jointness in Depressive Disorders

1973 ◽  
Vol 122 (570) ◽  
pp. 601-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Venkoba Rao
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Parental Death ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Parental Loss ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
Affective Illness ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Manic Depressive

Manic-depressive illness is believed to comprise two different clinical entities: Bipolar and Monopolar. This paper aims to study any differences there may be between monopolar and bipolar depressions in respect of three factors: occurrence of affective disorder (including suicide) in first degree relatives; parental death before the patients' twelfth birthday and the extent of ‘jointness' (Khatri, 1970) of the patients' family.

A Comparison of Early-Onset and Late-Onset Depressive Illness in the Elderly

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (05) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Burvill ◽  
W. D. Hall ◽  
H. G. Stampfer ◽  
J. P. Emmerson
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Underlying Factor ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Clinical Measures ◽  
Social Demographic

Elderly patients with early-onset and late-onset depressive illness presenting to psychiatrists for treatment were compared for social, demographic, and clinical measures. For most factors measured no statistically significant differences were found. In the early-onset cases, patients were significantly more severely depressed. There was some evidence for the hypotheses that family history is less important and biological factors more important in late-onset depression. It is suggested that the latter hypothesis should be tested by a range of the newer neuroanatomical and neurophysiological laboratory investigations. The findings indicate that neuroticism is an important underlying factor in both early-onset and late-onset depression in the elderly.

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