[P3-313]: FULLY AUTOMATED, WHOLE BRAIN MORPHOLOGICAL SEGMENTATION OF ENLARGED PERIVASCULAR SPACES AT CLINICAL FIELD STRENGTH: MRI-BASED MULTIMODAL AUTOIDENTIFICATION OF PERIVASCULAR SPACES (MMAPS)

Currently there is no treatment for the inflammatory responses that develop following cerebral ischemia. We have previously shown that the CD4+ T cell derived inflammatory cytokine IL-21 is highly upregulated in ischemic mouse brain following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and promotes neuronal tissue injury. We also found IL-21+ CD4+ cells in perivascular spaces of ischemic human brain tissue; however, the primary effects and cellular targets of IL-21 remain unknown. Thus, we compared genome-wide whole brain gene expression in wild-type (WT) and IL-21 -/- mice following 1 hour tMCAO (n=3-5). RNA from whole brain was analyzed by Mouse Gene 1.0 ST microarray (Affymetrix) revealing that 2019 gene fragments representing 1505 genes had >3 fold higher expression in WT brain compared to IL-21 -/- after 24 hours reperfusion. Gene score resampling of annotated probe scores identified biological process gene ontology (GO) terms with 3-8 member genes most significantly over-represented including: GO:0010507 Negative Regulation of Autophagy, GO:0090174 Organelle Membrane Fusion, GO:0000046 Autophagic vacuole fusion, and GO:0016242 Negative regulation of macroautophagy (p <0.001). These findings suggested a role for IL-21 in neuronal autophagy_consistent with our earlier reports of reduced expression of autophagy related gene 6 (ATG6) in infarcted brain tissue of IL-21 -/- mouse compared to WT mice. Thus, we hypothesized that IL-21 could directly induce autophagy in hypoxic neuronal cells. IL-21 receptor was expressed on 10% of CD45- cells isolated from healthy mouse brain. Furthermore, using RT-PCR we detected Il21r mRNA expression on neuronal (Neura2A), astrocytic, and endothelial cell lines (MB114) with highest expression levels on Neuro2A cells. Surface expression on Neuro2A cells and primary neurons was confirmed by immunofluorescence. In preliminary experiments primary neurons treated with 256 ng/mL rIL-21 for 4 hours following 1-2 hour oxygen glucose deprivation showed increased expression of ATG6 compared to control treated cells (p<.05). In conclusion, these data suggest that IL-21 could directly promote neuronal autophagy following cerebral ischemia.

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Electroconvulsive therapy, electric field, neuroplasticity, and clinical outcomes

Molecular Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41380-021-01380-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhi-De Deng ◽

Miklos Argyelan ◽

Jeremy Miller ◽

Davin K. Quinn ◽

Megan Lloyd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Strength ◽

Electric Field ◽

Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Cognitive Outcomes ◽

Electrode Placement ◽

Whole Brain ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Stimulation Current ◽

Depressive Episodes

AbstractElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the gold-standard treatment for patients with depressive episodes, but the underlying mechanisms for antidepressant response and procedure-induced cognitive side effects have yet to be elucidated. Such mechanisms may be complex and involve certain ECT parameters and brain regions. Regarding parameters, the electrode placement (right unilateral or bitemporal) determines the geometric shape of the electric field (E-field), and amplitude determines the E-field magnitude in select brain regions (e.g., hippocampus). Here, we aim to determine the relationships between hippocampal E-field strength, hippocampal neuroplasticity, and antidepressant and cognitive outcomes. We used hippocampal E-fields and volumes generated from a randomized clinical trial that compared right unilateral electrode placement with different pulse amplitudes (600, 700, and 800 mA). Hippocampal E-field strength was variable but increased with each amplitude arm. We demonstrated a linear relationship between right hippocampal E-field and right hippocampal neuroplasticity. Right hippocampal neuroplasticity mediated right hippocampal E-field and antidepressant outcomes. In contrast, right hippocampal E-field was directly related to cognitive outcomes as measured by phonemic fluency. We used receiver operating characteristic curves to determine that the maximal right hippocampal E-field associated with cognitive safety was 112.5 V/m. Right hippocampal E-field strength was related to the whole-brain ratio of E-field strength per unit of stimulation current, but this whole-brain ratio was unrelated to antidepressant or cognitive outcomes. We discuss the implications of optimal hippocampal E-field dosing to maximize antidepressant outcomes and cognitive safety with individualized amplitudes.

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On the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of β CrB

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100080933 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 613-622

Author(s):

I.A. Aslanov ◽

Yu.S. Rustamov

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Field Strength ◽

Radial Velocity ◽

Magnetic Field Strength ◽

Complex Shape ◽

Rotation Period ◽

Field Variation ◽

Magnetic Field Variation ◽

Secular Variations ◽

The Magnetic Field

SummaryMeasurements of the radial velocities and magnetic field strength of β CrB were carried out. It is shown that there is a variability with the rotation period different for various elements. The curve of the magnetic field variation measured from lines of 5 different elements: FeI, CrI, CrII, TiII, ScII and CaI has a complex shape specific for each element. This may be due to the presence of magnetic spots on the stellar surface. A comparison with the radial velocity curves suggests the presence of a least 4 spots of Ti and Cr coinciding with magnetic spots. A change of the magnetic field with optical depth is shown. The curve of the Heffvariation with the rotation period is given. A possibility of secular variations of the magnetic field is shown.

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Author response for "Whole‐brain efferent and afferent connectivity of mouse ventral tegmental area melanocortin‐3 receptor neurons"

10.1002/cne.25013/v2/response1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anna I. Dunigan ◽

Andrew M. Swanson ◽

David P Olson ◽

Aaron G. Roseberry

Keyword(s):

Ventral Tegmental Area ◽

Author Response ◽

Whole Brain ◽

Receptor Neurons ◽

Ventral Tegmental

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Decision letter for "Whole‐brain efferent and afferent connectivity of mouse ventral tegmental area melanocortin‐3 receptor neurons"

10.1002/cne.25013/v1/decision1 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Ventral Tegmental Area ◽

Whole Brain ◽

Receptor Neurons ◽

Ventral Tegmental

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Decision letter for "Multimodal Cross‐registration and Quantification of Metric Distortions in Marmoset Whole Brain Histology using Diffeomorphic Mappings"

10.1002/cne.24946/v1/decision1 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Whole Brain

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Ultrastructural Aspects of Golgi Complex Function in Parathyroid Cells of Winter Frogs

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100073842 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 680-681

Author(s):

William J. Dougherty

Keyword(s):

Golgi Complex ◽

Secretory Granules ◽

Complex Function ◽

Secretory Activity ◽

Secretory Proteins ◽

Perivascular Spaces ◽

Pituitary Cells ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Ca Ions ◽

Regulation Of Secretion

The regulation of secretion in exocrine and endocrine cells has long been of interest. Electron microscopic and other studies have demonstrated that secretory proteins synthesized on ribosomes are transported by the rough ER to the Golgi complex where they are concentrated into secretory granules. During active secretion, secretory granules fuse with the cell membrane, liberating and discharging their contents into the perivascular spaces. When secretory activity is suppressed in anterior pituitary cells, undischarged secretory granules may be degraded by lysosomes. In the parathyroid gland, evidence indicates that the level of blood Ca ions regulates both the production and release of parathormone. Thus, when serum Ca is low, synthesis and release of parathormone are both stimulated; when serum Ca is elevated, these processes are inhibited.

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