A study of nutrient foramen in long bones of upper extremity in western population

In human beings, sexual dimorphism can be well distinguished in almost every bone of the skeleton. Establishing a reliable biological profile is the foremost step in identifying human skeletal remains. Sex determination along with the estimation of age, stature and ancestry comprise the important parameters in establishing a biological profile. The pelvis and skull are considered the most reliable bones in sexing human remains. In the absence of the pelvis and skull, forensic scientists must rely upon other parts of the skeleton for sex assessment. Determination of sex from long bones based on morphological traits can be a challenging task, as there are a few morphological differences between the sexes for long bones. However, metric variations can prove to be helpful, as they are reproducible and more reliable. Metric analysis also has the added benefit of being less biased than nonmetric analysis. This study aimed to establish sex determination standards from tibiae using discriminant function analysis. A total of 17 measurements were taken on 162 dry tibiae (116 males and 46 females) of known sex and in the age range 20–60 years. Discriminant function analysis was performed to derive models for sexing of the tibiae. The breadth of the medial articular surface was observed to be the best parameter for sex prediction from metric measurements of the tibia. In stepwise analysis, only seven parameters – namely, the breadth of the medial articular surface, the condylo-malleolar length, the circumference at the nutrient foramen, the breadth of the lateral articular surface, the maximum length, the transverse diameter in the middle of the bone and the transverse diameter at the level of the nutrient foramen – were entered into the discriminant functions. Overall, the accuracy of sexing was observed to be 93.8% and 95% with the direct method and the stepwise method, respectively. This study provides a database and standards for sex estimation from tibiae based on discriminant function models. This investigation further concludes that tibiae can be used for sex determination in forensic examinations.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Long Bones of the Upper Extremity

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America ◽

10.1016/j.mric.2011.05.004 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 567-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Esben S. Vogelius ◽

Waad Hanna ◽

Mark Robbin

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Upper Extremity ◽

Long Bones ◽

Resonance Imaging

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Infected nonunions of long bones of the upper extremity: staged reconstruction using polymethylmethacrylate and bone graft impregnated with antibiotics

MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY ◽

10.1007/s12306-009-0046-y ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 137-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christian Allende ◽

Martin Mangupli ◽

Julio Bagliardelli ◽

Paula Diaz ◽

Bartolome T. Allende

Keyword(s):

Bone Graft ◽

Upper Extremity ◽

Long Bones ◽

Staged Reconstruction

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DIAPHYSEAL NUTRIENT FORAMINA OF ADULT HUMAN TIBIA - ITS POSITIONAL ANATOMY AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. Foramen nutricio diafisario de la tibia humana adulta – Su anatomía posicional y las implicancias clínicas

Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica ◽

10.31051/1852.8023.v5.n3.14079 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 222-228

Author(s):

Swati Gandhi ◽

Rajan K Singla ◽

Rajesh K Suri ◽

Vandana Mehta

Keyword(s):

Fracture Repair ◽

Orthopedic Procedures ◽

Long Bones ◽

Tibial Shaft ◽

Nutrient Foramen ◽

Medical College ◽

Adult Human ◽

Nutrient Foramina ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right

El conocimiento del número y posición de los forámenes nutricios en los huesos largos es importante en los procedimientos ortopédicos, tales como la terapia de reemplazo de articulaciones, reparación de fracturas, injertos de hueso y micro-cirugía de hueso vascularizado. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en el departamento de Anatomía, Colegio Médico Gubernamental de Amritsar. El estudio comprendió 100 tibias de humanos adultos obtenidas de 50 cadáveres masculinos y 50 femeninos. Todos los huesos del presente estudio presentaban el foramen nutricio situado en el tercio superior del eje y se dirigían hacia abajo. En la mayoría de los huesos, se encuentró lateral a la línea vertical en la superficie posterior de la diáfisis tibial. Las distancias medias de foramen nutricio de los extremos superior e inferior de la tibia eran mayores en los hombres en ambos lados. Además, estas mediciones mostraron valores más altos en los huesos de la mitad derecha. El conocimiento preciso de la ubicación de la forámenes nutricios en los huesos largos es útil en la prevención de las lesiones intra-operatorias en cirugía ortopédica, así como en cirugía plástica y reconstructiva y también es relevante en la práctica médico-legal. An understanding of the number and position of nutrient foramina in long bones is important in orthopedic procedures such as joint replacement therapy, fracture repair, bone grafts and vascularized bone microsurgery. The present study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College Amritsar. The study group comprised of 100 adult human tibiae obtained from 50 male and 50 female cadavers. All the bones of the present study depicted single nutrient foramen situated in the upper one third of the shaft and were directed downwards. In majority of the bones, it was located lateral to the vertical line on the posterior surface of tibial shaft. The mean distances of nutrient foramen from the upper and lower ends of tibia were found to be greater in males on both the sides. Also, these measurements showed higher values in the right sided bones.Precise knowledge of the location of the nutrient foramina in long bones is helpful in preventing intra-operative injuries in orthopedic as well as in plastic and reconstructive surgery and is also relevant in medicolegal practice.

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ANATOMICAL STUDY OF NUTRIENT FORAMEN IN THE LONG BONES OF UPPER EXTREMITIES

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology ◽

10.33564/ijeast.2019.v04i06.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 04 (06) ◽

pp. 7-10

Author(s):

Dr. Jawid Azizi ◽

Dr. Hidayatullah Danish

Keyword(s):

Anatomical Study ◽

Upper Extremities ◽

Long Bones ◽

Nutrient Foramen

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Study on the Nutrient Foramen of Long Bones of Upper Limb

Indian Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.21088/ija.2320.0022.9120.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 9-15

Author(s):

Chakka Sreekanth ◽

◽

Lattupalli Hema ◽

Keyword(s):

Upper Limb ◽

Long Bones ◽

Nutrient Foramen

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Somatometric Evaluation of Long Bones of the Upper Extremity: A Forensic Tool

Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal ◽

10.15406/frcij.2015.01.00029 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Ekezie Jervas

Keyword(s):

Upper Extremity ◽

Long Bones

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Anatomical study of nutrient foramen in lower limb dry long bones

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213068 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 2246

Author(s):

Samyog Mahat ◽

Shamsher Shrestha ◽

Prabhakar Yadav

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Vascular Supply ◽

Long Bones ◽

Posterior Surface ◽

Nutrient Foramen ◽

Nutrient Artery ◽

Linea Aspera ◽

Upper Third ◽

Gain Access

Background: Nutrient artery gain access through nutrient foramen and provide vascular supply to bone. Number, size and location of nutrient foramen has significant medical as well as surgical importance. Any insult to nutrient artery during surgical procedure or during trauma may lead to devascualarization or poor prognosis.Methods: The present study consist of 50 femurs, 50 tibia and 50 fibula, collected from department of anatomy, BPKIHS. Mean length of bone, number, position and size and foraminal index of nutrient foramen was observed and recorded accordingly.Results: In femur 62% bone shows single nutrient foramen. Nutrient foramen was commonly located in medial lip of linea aspera and in upper third of bone which was noted in 80% of bone. In tibia 82% of total bone shows single foramen with absent of foramen in 6% bone. Foramen was commonly located above the soleal line and middle third of bone which was noted in 56% of bone. In fibula 6% of total bone shows absent of nutrient foramen and majority of bone shows single nutrient foramen (82%). Foramen was commonly located in lower part of posterior surface (60%) and in middle third of bone.Conclusions: This study provides details topographic knowledge about nutrient foramen which is important clinically for proper planning of surgery and its outcome.

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Study of Nutrient Foramina in Human Typical Long Bones of Lower Limb

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1688547 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 08 (02) ◽

pp. 077-081 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ajay Parmar ◽

Pankaj Maheria ◽

Kanan Shah

Keyword(s):

Blood Supply ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Fracture Repair ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Long Bones ◽

Posterior Aspect ◽

Nutrient Foramen ◽

Nutrient Artery ◽

Nutrient Foramina ◽

The Right

Abstract Background and Aim Nutrient foramina form important landmarks on human bones as they form portal of entry for nutrient artery. Nutrient artery is an important source of blood supply for a growing bone. Different parameters of nutrient foramina are important in various procedures such as vascularized bone grafting, tumor resections, fracture repair, and other surgical procedures in orthopedics. The objective of the present study was to report the number, position, direction, size, and foraminal index of nutrient foramen in the femur, tibia, and fibula. Materials and Methods The present study analyzed the location, direction, size, and the number of nutrient foramina in the diaphysis of 180 long bones of the lower limbs of adults: 60 femurs, 60 tibiae, and 60 fibulae. Result The location of the nutrient foramina is predominant on the posterior aspect of the lower limb long bones. Single nutrient foramen found in the tibia (100%), femur (48.3%), and fibula (60%) may represent as a single source of blood supply. The majority of the femur (50%) and few fibulae (5%) had a double nutrient foramen. The mean foraminal index for the lower limb bones was 40.5% for the left and 38.2% for the right side of the femur, 31.69% for the left and 32.3% for the right side of the tibia, and 32.7% for the left and 31.7% for the right side of the fibula. Conclusion The present study provides information on the number, size, position, and direction of nutrient foramina of the femur, tibia, and fibula bones.

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