Anatomical study of nutrient foramen in lower limb dry long bones

Background: Nutrient artery gain access through nutrient foramen and provide vascular supply to bone. Number, size and location of nutrient foramen has significant medical as well as surgical importance. Any insult to nutrient artery during surgical procedure or during trauma may lead to devascualarization or poor prognosis.Methods: The present study consist of 50 femurs, 50 tibia and 50 fibula, collected from department of anatomy, BPKIHS. Mean length of bone, number, position and size and foraminal index of nutrient foramen was observed and recorded accordingly.Results: In femur 62% bone shows single nutrient foramen. Nutrient foramen was commonly located in medial lip of linea aspera and in upper third of bone which was noted in 80% of bone. In tibia 82% of total bone shows single foramen with absent of foramen in 6% bone. Foramen was commonly located above the soleal line and middle third of bone which was noted in 56% of bone. In fibula 6% of total bone shows absent of nutrient foramen and majority of bone shows single nutrient foramen (82%). Foramen was commonly located in lower part of posterior surface (60%) and in middle third of bone.Conclusions: This study provides details topographic knowledge about nutrient foramen which is important clinically for proper planning of surgery and its outcome.

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Study of Nutrient Foramina in Human Typical Long Bones of Lower Limb

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1688547 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 08 (02) ◽

pp. 077-081 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ajay Parmar ◽

Pankaj Maheria ◽

Kanan Shah

Keyword(s):

Blood Supply ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Fracture Repair ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Long Bones ◽

Posterior Aspect ◽

Nutrient Foramen ◽

Nutrient Artery ◽

Nutrient Foramina ◽

The Right

Abstract Background and Aim Nutrient foramina form important landmarks on human bones as they form portal of entry for nutrient artery. Nutrient artery is an important source of blood supply for a growing bone. Different parameters of nutrient foramina are important in various procedures such as vascularized bone grafting, tumor resections, fracture repair, and other surgical procedures in orthopedics. The objective of the present study was to report the number, position, direction, size, and foraminal index of nutrient foramen in the femur, tibia, and fibula. Materials and Methods The present study analyzed the location, direction, size, and the number of nutrient foramina in the diaphysis of 180 long bones of the lower limbs of adults: 60 femurs, 60 tibiae, and 60 fibulae. Result The location of the nutrient foramina is predominant on the posterior aspect of the lower limb long bones. Single nutrient foramen found in the tibia (100%), femur (48.3%), and fibula (60%) may represent as a single source of blood supply. The majority of the femur (50%) and few fibulae (5%) had a double nutrient foramen. The mean foraminal index for the lower limb bones was 40.5% for the left and 38.2% for the right side of the femur, 31.69% for the left and 32.3% for the right side of the tibia, and 32.7% for the left and 31.7% for the right side of the fibula. Conclusion The present study provides information on the number, size, position, and direction of nutrient foramina of the femur, tibia, and fibula bones.

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Morphology, Topography and Clinical Significance of Primary Nutrient Foramina in Tibia

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.14260/jemds/2021/214 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (14) ◽

pp. 999-1002

Author(s):

Suja R.S. ◽

Mini Alikunju ◽

Aswathy Maria Oommen ◽

Sreekumar R ◽

Sheena Kalyani Sukumaran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Surgical Procedures ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Long Bones ◽

Posterior Surface ◽

Nutrient Foramen ◽

Medical College ◽

Nutrient Artery ◽

Precise Knowledge ◽

Nutrient Foramina

BACKGROUND Nutrient foramina are seen in the shaft of long bones. They vary in number, size and their position on the surface of bones. It transmits the nutrient artery which is the main source of blood supply to the long bones. We intend to study the location, number, type and direction of primary nutrient foramina (PNF) on the shaft of tibia. METHODS The descriptive study was done using 120 tibiae (right-66, left-54) from Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. Length of each bone and distance of the nutrient foramen from the upper end of tibia was measured using osteometric board. The location of the primary nutrient foramina on the surface of tibia, the direction of the nutrient canal and the presence of secondary nutrient foramina were noted. RESULTS Single primary nutrient foramina were located on the posterior surface of 113 tibiae. 4 tibiae showed PNF and secondary nutrient foramina (SNF). No nutrient foramina were observed in 3 tibiae. CONCLUSIONS The precise knowledge and topography of PNF of tibia will help orthopaedic surgeons in minimising damage to vasculature of tibia during various surgical procedures. KEY WORDS Tibia, Nutrient Foramen, Nutrient Artery

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Morphometric study of nutrient foramen of tibia in Jharkhand population

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213662 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rajesh K. Kushwaha ◽

Rajiv Ranjan ◽

Makardhawaj Prasad

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Blood Supply ◽

Morphometric Study ◽

Long Bones ◽

Posterior Surface ◽

Lateral Border ◽

Nutrient Foramen ◽

Nutrient Artery ◽

Nutrient Foramina

Background: Nutrient foramen gives passage to the nutrient vessels which supply major portion of the bone even bone marrow. Many vascular foramina are present in all bones for the passage of blood vessels. In long bones many small vascular foramina are present at the ends through which epiphyseal and metaphyseal blood vessels passes. In the shaft of long bones one or two larger foramina are present through which nutrient vessels passes. Nutrient artery provides 70% to 80% blood supply of long bones in children and if blood supply is decreased, it may lead to ischemia of bone resulting into less vascularisation of metaphysis and growth plate. Thus precise topographical knowledge of nutrient foramen is necessary for the surgeons to save the nutrient vessels during surgical procedures i.e. fracture fixation, bone grafting etc. Damage to the nutrient artery causes avascular necrosis of bone.Methods: Total 70 dry bones of tibia were taken in the study, without knowledge of sex of the bone. Position, number and direction of the nutrient foramen were noted.Results: single nutrient foramina present in 91.43% of cases and double in 6% of cases. 97.14 % nutrient foramina are directed downward and 2.86% directed upward. 90% nutrient foramina present on posterior surface, 1.42% on lateral surface and 8.57% on lateral border. 75% of nutrient foramina present in upper 1/3 and 25% in middle 1/3. Primary nutrient foramina (>24 G) present in 89.47% and secondary nutrient foramina (<24 G) present in 10.53% of cases.Conclusions: A sound knowledge of nutrient foramen topography, prevent the injuries of vasculature of bone during surgeries.

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Topography of diaphyseal nutrient foramina of femora and their implications in bone grafting

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-3401608 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 05 (03) ◽

pp. 127-132

Author(s):

Venkatesh Kamath ◽

Shivarama Bhat ◽

Muhammed Asif ◽

Ramakrishna Avadhani

Keyword(s):

Bone Grafting ◽

Success Rates ◽

Orthopedic Surgeon ◽

Nutrient Artery ◽

Nutrient Foramina ◽

Vascular Compromise ◽

Rapid Healing ◽

The Mean ◽

Linea Aspera ◽

Upper Third

Abstract Background : Long bones derive their nutrition through a nutrient artery that enters the bone through a foramen in its diaphysis. An orthopedic surgeon must be familiar with the topography of the nutrient foramina to avoid vascular compromise during surgery. Aim :This study attempts to analyze the topography of primary nutrient foramina of femora. Materials and method : One hundred dry adult femora were used for this study. The primary diaphyseal nutrient foramina were identified macroscopically using hand lens. The number of foramina and their position were noted and the foramina! index was calculated. Results : It was observed that 79% of femora had single primary nutrient foramen, 20% had double foramina and I% had three foramina. All the foramina were located between 30.8%-89.6% of total length of femur. 11.47 % of foramina were in the upper third, 1.64% in the lower third and the majority 86.88% of foramina were in the middle third of femur. The mean foramina!index was 46.01. 82.78% of foramina were located on the linea aspera, 14.75% on the medial surface and2.46% on the lateral surface. Conclusion : An orthopedic surgeon operating on femur must be careful in the middle 1/3rd, especially over the linea aspera as majority of primary diaphyseal foramina were observed in this region. A cogent knowledge of vascular topography ensures preservation of vasculature of the bone during surgeries. This enables rapid healing of surgical wound increasing the success rates of fracture fixation, bone grafting, vascularized microscopic surgeries and hip and knee replacement procedures.

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ANATOMICAL STUDY OF NUTRIENT FORAMEN IN THE LONG BONES OF UPPER EXTREMITIES

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology ◽

10.33564/ijeast.2019.v04i06.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 04 (06) ◽

pp. 7-10

Author(s):

Dr. Jawid Azizi ◽

Dr. Hidayatullah Danish

Keyword(s):

Anatomical Study ◽

Upper Extremities ◽

Long Bones ◽

Nutrient Foramen

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Morphological Variations of Nutrient Foramina in Upper Limb Long Bones

International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2013/v2i2/86777 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 177

Author(s):

M. Sharma ◽

R. Prashar ◽

T. Sharma ◽

A. Wadhwa

Keyword(s):

Upper Limb ◽

Growth Period ◽

Long Bone ◽

Long Bones ◽

Active Growth ◽

Morphological Variations ◽

Nutrient Foramen ◽

Nutrient Artery ◽

Nutrient Foramina ◽

Active Growth Period

The nutrient artery is the principal source of blood supply to a long bone and is particularly important during its active growth period in the embryo and foetus as well as during the early phase of ossification. The aim of the present study was to study the topographic anatomy and morphology of the nutrient foramina in human adult upper limb long bones. The study was performed on 40 upper limb long bones which include 40 humerii, 40 radii, 40 ulnae. The bones were obtained from department of anatomy Punjab institute of medical sciences, Jalandhar. The variations were found in number and location of nutrient foramen in different upper limb bones. In humerus double and triple foramina were found. In radius and ulna double foramina were observed at the maximum. Absence of nutrient foramen was observed in radius. The knowledge about these foramina is useful in surgical procedures.

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