Refugee inflows, surplus farm labor, and crop marketization in rural Africa

2022 ◽  
pp. 102805
Author(s):  
Shunsuke Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Farm Labor ◽  
Rural Africa

Tuberculosis: Diagnostic Challenges in Rural Africa

Praxis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 108 (15) ◽  
pp. 991-996
Author(s):  
Ngisi Masawa ◽  
Farida Bani ◽  
Robert Ndege
Keyword(s):  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Screening Questions ◽  
Rural Africa ◽  
Tb Diagnostics ◽  
Strip Test ◽  
Urine Strip

Abstract. Tuberculosis (TB) remains among the top 10 infectious diseases with highest mortality globally since the 1990s despite effective chemotherapy. Among 10 million patients that fell ill with tuberculosis in the year 2017, 36 % were undiagnosed or detected and not reported; the number goes as high as 55 % in Tanzania, showing that the diagnosis of TB is a big challenge in the developing countries. There have been great advancements in TB diagnostics with introduction of the molecular tests such as Xpert MTB/RIF, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, lipoarabinomannan urine strip test, and molecular line-probe assays. However, most of the hospitals in Tanzania still rely on the TB score chart in children, the WHO screening questions in adults, acid-fast bacilli and chest x-ray for the diagnosis of TB. Xpert MTB/RIF has been rolled-out but remains a challenge in settings where the samples for testing must be transported over many kilometers. Imaging by sonography – nowadays widely available even in rural settings of Tanzania – has been shown to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Despite all the efforts and new diagnostics, 30–50 % of patients in high-burden TB countries are still empirically treated for tuberculosis. More efforts need to be placed if we are to reduce the death toll by 90 % until 2030.

Who Has Potatoes?

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-159
Author(s):  
Keith V. Bletzer
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Single Case Study ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Migrant Work

Migratory farm labor like other forms of migrant work both in and outside agriculture impedes on the opportunity to make choices. The following essay explores particular phases in the life of one man (a single case study) and examines how he considers turning points in his life that led to a long period of substance use, both as an immigrant in the country and as a working man in his home country, followed by a cessation of use and the beginning stages of recovery. / Para el migrante, viajar en busca de trabajo es díficil, ya sea que trabaje en agricultura o en otras labores. Este ensayo examina ciertas etapas en la vida de un hombre (estudio de un solo caso) que examina los cambios que le han ocurrido durante un período en que él consumía grandes cantidades de alcohol en los estados y en su país, seguido por un período de sobriedad (no tomaba alcohol, no usaba drogas) en este país en que él comienza una etapa de rehabilitación.

Adaptive Safety Nets for Rural Africa: Drought-Sensitive Targeting with Sparse Data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier E. Baez ◽  
Varun Kshirsagar ◽  
Emmanuel Skoufias
Keyword(s):  
Sparse Data ◽  
Safety Nets ◽  
Rural Africa

Employment Generation in Rural Africa

10.1596/26827 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Blattman ◽  
Nathan Fiala ◽  
Sebastian Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Employment Generation ◽  
Rural Africa

Grains from Grass: Aging, Gender, and Famine in Rural Africa, Lisa Cliggett

Africa Today ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-110
Author(s):  
Miriam S. Chaiken
Keyword(s):  
Rural Africa

Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa: What Lessons Can We Learn?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt ◽  
Fred Mawunyo Dzanku ◽  
Aida Cuthbert Isinika
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Yield Gaps ◽  
Rural Africa ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Share

Smallholder-friendly messages, albeit not always translated into action, returned strongly to the development agenda over a decade ago. Smallholders’ livelihoods encompass social and economic realities outside agriculture, however, providing opportunities as well as challenges for the smallholder model. While smallholders continue to straddle the farm and non-farm sectors, the notion of leaving agriculture altogether appears hyperbolic, given the persistently high share of income generated from agriculture noted in the Afrint dataset. Trends over the past fifteen years can be broadly described as increasing dynamism accompanied by rising polarization. Positive trends include increased farm sizes, rising grain production, crop diversification, and increased commercialization, while negative trends include stagnation of yields, persistent yield gaps, gendered landholding inequalities, gendered agricultural asset inequalities, growing gendered commercialization inequalities, and an emerging gender gap in cash income. Regional nuances in trends reinforce the need for spatial contextualization of linkages between the farm and non-farm sectors.

The Prosperity Paradox

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Martin
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
New Era ◽  
Labor Policies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Vulnerable Workers

Why do farm workers become more vulnerable as countries get richer? As countries get richer, the share of workers employed in agriculture falls. In richer countries, hired farm workers do ever more of the work on the fewer and larger farms that produce most farm commodities. These hired workers include local workers who lack the skills and contacts needed to get nonfarm jobs that usually offer higher wages and more opportunities as well as legal and unauthorized migrants from poorer countries who may not know or exercise their labor-related rights. Government enforcement of labor laws depends on complaints, and vulnerable workers rarely complain. The Prosperity Paradox explains why farm-worker problems often worsen as the agricultural sector shrinks and lays out options to help vulnerable workers. Analysis of farm labor markets in the US, Mexico, and other countries shows that unions and fair trade efforts to protect farm workers cover a very small share of all workers and are unlikely to expand quickly. Most labor-intensive fruits and vegetables are eaten fresh. Unsafe food that sickened consumers led to voluntary industry and later government-mandated food-safety programs to ensure that food is safe when it leaves the farm, with protocols enforced by both government inspectors and buyers who refused to buy from noncompliant farms. This food-safety model offers the most promise for a new era in protective labor policies.

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