NF-κB activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cultured hepatic macrophages (HM) may be abrogated by pretreatment of cells with a lipophilic iron chelator, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1, deferiprone), suggesting a role for iron in this molecular event [M. Lin, M., R. A. Rippe, O. Niemelä, G. Brittenham, and H. Tsukamoto, Am. J. Physiol. 272 ( Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 35): G1355–G1364, 1997]. To ascertain the relevance in vivo of this hypothesis, HM from an experimental model of alcoholic liver injury were examined for the relationship between nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and iron storage. HM showed a significant increase in nonheme iron concentration (+70%), accompanied by enhanced generation of electron paramagnetic resonance-detected radicals (+200%), NF-κB activation (+100%), and tumor necrosis factor-α (+150%) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (+280%) mRNA induction. Treatment of the cells ex vivo with L1 normalized all these parameters. HM content of ferritin protein, ferritin L chain mRNA, and hemeoxygenase-1 mRNA and splenic content of nonheme iron were increased, suggesting enhanced heme turnover as a cause of the increased iron storage and NF-κB activation. To test this possibility, increased iron content in HM was reproduced in vitro by phagocytosis of heat-treated red blood cells. Treatment caused a 40% increase in nonheme iron concentration and accentuated LPS-induced NF-κB activation twofold. Both effects could be abolished by pretreatment of cells with zinc protoporphyrin, a hemeoxygenase inhibitor. To extend this observation, animals were splenectomized before 9-wk alcohol feeding. Splenectomy resulted in further increments in HM nonheme iron storage (+60%) and NF-κB activation (+90%) and mononuclear cell infiltration (+450%), particularly around the iron-loaded HM in alcohol-fed animals. These results support the pivotal role of heme-derived iron in priming HM for NF-κB activation and expression of proinflammatory genes in alcoholic liver injury.
IL-1 receptor like 1 protects against alcoholic liver injury by limiting NF-κB activation in hepatic macrophages
