Effects of Compound Probiotics on Cecal Microbiome and Metabolome of Shaoxing Duck

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of compound probiotics on intestinal microflora and metabolome of Shaoxing ducks. A total of 640 1-day-old Shaoxing ducks were randomly divided into two treatments with eight replicates and forty ducks for each replicate. The ducks were fed basal diet (Ctrl) and basal diet supplemented with 0.15% compound probiotics (MixP). The experiment lasted for 85 days. The results showed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacteroides in MixP was higher than that in Ctrl (P < 0.05). However, the abundance of Firmicutes and Oscillospira and Desulfovibrio in MixP was lower than that in Ctrl (P < 0.05). Concentrations of 71 metabolites differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the MixP and the Ctrl groups; for example, Pyridoxal (Vitamin B6), L-Arginine, and Betaine aldehyde were up-regulated (P < 0.05), and 7-oxocholesterol, 3-hydroxy-L-kynureni-ne, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were down-regulated (P < 0.05). KEGG was enriched in 15 metabolic pathways. The pathways of Vitamin B6 metabolism, Vascular smooth muscle contraction, Vitamin digestion and absorption, and Protein digestion and absorption were influenced by compound probiotics supplementation. Thus, supplementation of compound probiotics improved cecal heath through shifts in the cecal microbiome and metabolome.

Association of Differential Metabolites With Small Intestinal Microflora and Maternal Outcomes in Subclinical Hypothyroidism During Pregnancy

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of differential metabolites with small intestinal microflora and maternal outcomes in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) during pregnancy.MethodsThe plasma of pregnant women in the SCH group and control group was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), obtaining differential metabolites. Then, methane and hydrogen breath tests were performed in both groups, and basic clinical data and maternal outcome information were collected. Finally, differential metabolites were analyzed for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and pregnancy outcomes using Spearman correlation analysis.Results(1) Multivariate statistics: There were 564 different metabolites in positive ion mode and 226 different metabolites in negative ion mode. (2) The positive rate of the methane hydrogen breath test in the SCH group was higher than that in the control group (p<0.05). (3) KEGG pathway analysis revealed that differential metabolites were mainly involved in bile secretion, cholesterol metabolism, and other pathways. (4) Serum cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels and hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP) were higher in the SCH group (p<0.05), and newborn birth weight (BW) was lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). (5) SIBO was negatively correlated with glycocholic acid and BW, and positively correlated with TC. Glycocholic acid was negatively correlated with TG but positively correlated with BW. TG was positively correlated with HDCP.ConclusionDifferential metabolites in the SCH group during pregnancy were disordered with small intestinal bacteria, which may affect pregnancy outcomes, and bile acids and cholesterol may be potential biomarkers for studying their mechanism of action.

Development of gut microbiota along with its metabolites of preschool children

Background To reveal the changes of intestinal microbial abundance and composition, as well as the microbiota metabolic levels of bile acids and short chain fatty acids of healthy preschool children during their growth. Methods Feces of 120 healthy newborns and 150 healthy children aged 6 months to 6 years were collected. Then the composition of intestinal flora was analyzed by 16S rRNA, and the contents of bile acids and short chain fatty acids in feces were detected by LC-MS and GS methods, respectively. Results The composition and function of intestinal microflora were not stable in neonatal period but significantly improved at 6 months after birth, and gradually stabilized and tended to adult-like formation after 2–3 years old. The levels of short chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids were consistent with the development of gut microbiota. Conclusion The age of 6 months may be a critical period for the development of intestinal microflora in children.

Influence of intestinal microbiota on the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in children

Particular attention is paid to atopic dermatitis (AD) as one of the earliest and most frequent clinical manifestations of allergy in children. AD is a multifactorial disease, the development of which is closely related to genetic defects in the immune response and adverse environmental influences. It was found that the action of these factors determines the rate of development of AD, especially in young children. One of these factors is a violation of the intestinal microbiota, which plays an essential role in the development of the child's immune system and has a protective effect in the formation of atopy. It has been shown that 80-95% of patients with AD have intestinal dysbiosis, while, along with a deficiency of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, there is an excessive growth of Staphilococcus. The use of modern molecular genetics technologies made it possible to obtain a fairly complete understanding of the number, genetic heterogeneity and complexity of the bacterial components of the intestinal microbiota, while clinical studies have shown the importance of its interactions with the host organism in the formation of various forms of pathology. It has been established that the human intestinal microbiota is an evolutionary set of microorganisms that exists as a balanced microecological system in which the symbiotic microflora is in dynamic equilibrium, forms microbial associations that occupy a certain ecological niche in it, and is one of the most important factors affecting human health. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, which causes immunosuppression, but the exact mechanism of its action is still unclear. It is widely known that probiotics act on the immune system. These are living microorganisms with immunomodulatory effects that stimulate Th1 cytokines and suppress Th2 responses, which are being investigated for the treatment of several diseases. The most commonly used probiotics are part of the intestinal microflora such as lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and enterococci. The purpose of this article: to systematize the information available today on the influence of the composition of the intestinal microflora on the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.

Effect of therapeutic and prophylactic complex DLK (Dironet, Lactobifadol, Forage Keratin) on the intestinal microbiocenosis of the Blue Frost fox at toxascariosis

The purpose of the research is determining the effect of the therapeutic and prophylactic complex of Dironet, Lactobifadol and fodder Keratin (DLK) on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora affected by toxascariosis in the Blue Frost fox.Materials and methods. The research was carried out on the Fur Breeding Farm “Vyatka”, Slobodskoy District, the Kirov Region. The study objects were 24 female Blue Frost foxes culled from the breeding herd. To determine the quality of the skins obtained from the experimental animals, we sorted flint-dried skins.Results and discussion. After the introduction of the therapeutic and preventive complex DLK into the diet of sick animals, the positive dynamics was observed in the quantitative and qualitative composition of intestinal microorganisms. In animals of the experimental groups that were administered DLK, the number of bifidus bacteria, lactic bacteria and fecal enterococci increased; there was a significant decrease or complete absence of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, fusobacteria, streptococci, clostridia, typical lactose-negative and hemolytic Escherichia, aureus and saprophytic staphylococcus, common Proteus and fungi of the Candida genus. In animals infected by Toxascaris leonina that did not receive the complex therapy, a decrease in lactic acid bacteria and an increase in the content of pathogenic and commensal microorganisms were noted. Under the output of the fur production, the infected animals showed the lowest percentage of skins in terms of quality of 7.16%, which was 0.38% less in comparison with healthy foxes, and 0.51% less in comparison with treated Blue Frost foxes.

Influence of Ethanol Extracts From Pholiota Adiposa on Gut Microbiota and Their Antitumor Properties in H22 Tumor-Bearing Mice

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common type of cancer—prevalent worldwide—and one of the causes of cancer-related deaths. In this study, ethanol extracts from Pholiota adiposa (EPA) were used to identify possible targets for HCC treatment and their effects on intestinal microflora were analyzed. Methods: Male mice were randomly assigned to groups—the model group, cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg/d), and EPA groups, in which the mice were categorized based on the different concentrations of each compound (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day). Relevant biochemical indicators were detected using ELISA, H&E staining, and TUNEL assay. Four tumor apoptosis-related proteins and genes, Caspase3, BAX, Bcl-2, and VEGF, were detected by immunohistochemical staining, western blotting, and RT-PCR. The total genomic DNA was obtained from the contents of the small intestine and colon and was sequenced. The V3+V4 regions of bacterial 16s rDNA (from 341 to 806) were amplified. Results: The tests revealed that EPA exhibited antitumor activity in vivo by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. Moreover, EPA treatment could increase beneficial and decrease harmful microflorae. These results demonstrate that EPA may be a potential therapy for HCC.

The correlation between intestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer

The study of intestinal and oral microflora and their metabolites playing an important role in intestinal homeostasis, has led to the identification of species closely related to the development of colorectal cancer, intracellular correlations of fungi and bacteria compared to control. The correlation between oral microbiota and intestinal microflora, as well as associated with the mucous membrane of the large intestine, was revealed. It was noted that the use of eu- and probiotics improved the immunological indices and the structure of the intestinal microbiota. Thus, studying the oral and intestinal microbiota and its metabolites may prove to be a simple, accessible and informative method for the early diagnosis of colon cancer. However, most studies indicate only changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microbiota, hardly revealing its cause-effect relations with the processes of tumor formation in the colon. Therefore, it is necessary to continue studies of this problem.