Trabecular architecture of the capitate and third metacarpal through ontogeny in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)

Although trichromatic color vision has been extensively studied as it grants significant advantages for Old World primates, it is unknown which selective pressures were behind trait’s evolution. The leading hypothesis would be that colour vision arose as a foraging adaptation because it allowed individuals to spot food more efficiently. To test this, we exposed three chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), five gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and three mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) to colour cardboard plates to assess if colours related to diet were the most preferred. Experimental setting was divided in two phases. During the first one, animals were provided with colour cardboard plates of only one colour per data collection session. The order of colour presentation was randomly determined: white, black, yellow, green and red. In phase two, primates were simultaneously provided with cardboard plates of all colours. Behavioural interactions with plates were measured using a one-zero group focal sampling (10 s sampling intervals and 20 m observation periods). Results showed that when animals were exposed to only one colour at a time, they exhibited different colour preferences depending on the species considered. Chimpanzees preferred red and yellow, the colours linked to fruits, while gorillas selected red and white. Mandrills exhibited fewer differences between colours preference, being red the most selected. Furthermore, when all colours were simultaneously provided, individuals chose colours related to diet over black and white. Although there were clear individual differences, our results support that trichromatic color vision is an advantage in detecting and selecting red items. In the wild, it could be important in the detection of reddish fruits and leaves.

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Neutralization Properties of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses Infecting Chimpanzees and Gorillas

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.00296-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Hannah J. Barbian ◽

Julie M. Decker ◽

Frederic Bibollet-Ruche ◽

Rachel P. Galimidi ◽

Anthony P. West ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Binding Site ◽

Pan Troglodytes ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Gorilla Gorilla ◽

Protective Capacity ◽

Content Type ◽

Ccr5 Receptor ◽

Cd4 Binding Site ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACTBroadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (bNabs) represent powerful tools to combat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Here, we examined whether HIV-1-specific bNabs are capable of cross-neutralizing distantly related simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting central (Pan troglodytestroglodytes) (SIVcpzPtt) and eastern (Pan troglodytesschweinfurthii) (SIVcpzPts) chimpanzees (n= 11) as well as western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) (SIVgor) (n= 1). We found that bNabs directed against the CD4 binding site (n= 10), peptidoglycans at the base of variable loop 3 (V3) (n= 5), and epitopes at the interface of surface (gp120) and membrane-bound (gp41) envelope glycoproteins (n= 5) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. In addition, apex V2-directed bNabs (n= 3) as well as llama-derived (heavy chain only) antibodies (n= 6) recognizing both the CD4 binding site and gp41 epitopes were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpzPttstrains. In contrast, one antibody targeting the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 (10E8), functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, and CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), as well as mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 (iMab and LM52) and CCR5 (PRO140, PRO140-10E8) receptor antibodies neutralized >90% of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains with low-nanomolar (0.13 to 8.4 nM) potency. Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5 and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+T cells, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 3.6 to 40.5 nM. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bNabs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIVcpz infection.IMPORTANCESIVcpz is widespread in wild-living chimpanzees and can cause AIDS-like immunopathology and clinical disease. HIV-1 infection of humans can be controlled by antiretroviral therapy; however, treatment of wild-living African apes with current drug regimens is not feasible. Nonetheless, it may be possible to curb the spread of SIVcpz in select ape communities using vectored immunoprophylaxis and/or therapy. Here, we show that antibodies and antibody-like inhibitors developed to combat HIV-1 infection in humans are capable of neutralizing genetically diverse SIVcpz and SIVgor strains with considerable breadth and potency, including in primary chimpanzee CD4+T cells. These reagents provide an important first step toward translating intervention strategies currently developed to treat and prevent AIDS in humans to SIV-infected apes.

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