Production of phenolics and the emission of volatile organic compounds by perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)/Neotyphodium lolii association as a response to infection by Fusarium poae

2013 ◽  
Vol 170 (11) ◽  
pp. 1010-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Pańka ◽  
Dariusz Piesik ◽  
Małgorzata Jeske ◽  
Anna Baturo-Cieśniewska
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Fusarium Poae

scholarly journals Mode of action of tremorgens

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 363-364
Author(s):  
S.C. Finch ◽  
W.L. Imlach ◽  
J. Dunlop ◽  
A.L. Meredith ◽  
R.W. Aldrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Endophyte Infection

Ryegrass staggers is a neurotoxic disorder of livestock grazing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii. Ryegrass staggers was first reported in 1880 (Anonymous 1880) although at this stage the cause of the observed tremorgenic disorder was unknown. The presence of an endophyte within perennial ryegrass was first recognised in 1935 (Neill 1941) but it was not until 1981 that the correlation between endophyte infection and the incidence of ryegrass staggers was established (Fletcher & Harvey 1981; Mortimer et al. 1982). The tremorgenic compound, lolitrem B, produced by the endophyte was then isolated and implicated in the disease (Gallagher et al. 1981, 1982, 1984). The future then seemed clear: eradicate the endophyte and solve the ryegrass staggers problem. Endophyte-free plots, however, showed little growth and suffered severe damage from the larvae of Argentine Stem Weevil (Mortimer et al. 1982). The correlation between endophyte levels, weevil numbers and tiller damage was then made (Prestidge et al. 1982) and a few years later the beneficial effects of endophyte were shown to be due to peramine, an antifeedant produced by the fungus (Gaynor & Rowan 1986; Rowan et al. 1986).

Incidence of ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) and diversity of associated alkaloid concentrations among naturalised populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
A. Leonforte ◽  
P. J. Cunningham ◽  
J. R. Walsh ◽  
D. I. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Grass Endophyte ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Mutualistic Association

The mutualistic association between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and the ryegrass endophyte Neotyphodium lolii (Latch, Christensen and Samuels) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin, previously assigned to the genus Acremonium, is known to have a major impact on pasture and animal production. The perennial ryegrass ecotypes Victorian and Kangaroo Valley are the most widely sown varieties of grass in Australian pasture. The incidence of ryegrass endophyte (N. lolii) in these ecotypes, and the production of alkaloids associated with theryegrass endophyte, are largely unexplored. Fifty-six populations of Victorian and 45 of Kangaroo Valley were sampled from old pasture within the recognised zones of naturalisation of both ecotypes. All of the 101 populations examined were infected with ryegrass endophyte. The mean ryegrass endophyte (N. lolii) frequency for plants within the populations of the Victorian and Kangaroo Valley ecotypes was 88% and 93%, respectively. Alkaloid concentrations were determined from infected plants for 39 Kangaroo Valley populations and, in a separate study, for 24 Victorian populations. Ergovaline concentration was above the critical level of 0.4 mg/kg (above which clinical symptoms are observed) for 10% of the Kangaroo Valley populations and 17% of the Victorian populations. For lolitrem B, all Victorian populations were below the critical level of 1.8 mg/kg, but 28% of the Kangaroo Valley populations had mean concentrations above the critical level, 1.8 mg/kg. Concentrations for individual plants were <5 mg/kg for ergovaline, <6 mg/kg for lolitrem B, and <48 mg/kg for peramine. Within each ecotype examined, significant variation (P < 0.05) in the mean concentrations of ergovaline, lolitrem B, and peramine was found between the populations of naturalised perennial ryegrass. Mean concentrations for some of the various naturalised populations were higher than that observed in some of the control cultivars. Low ergovaline and lolitrem B concentrations observed for individual genotypes indicate scope for selecting grass endophyte combinations characterised by optimum production of alkaloids.

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