scholarly journals Mode of action of tremorgens

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 363-364
Author(s):  
S.C. Finch ◽  
W.L. Imlach ◽  
J. Dunlop ◽  
A.L. Meredith ◽  
R.W. Aldrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Endophyte Infection

Ryegrass staggers is a neurotoxic disorder of livestock grazing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii. Ryegrass staggers was first reported in 1880 (Anonymous 1880) although at this stage the cause of the observed tremorgenic disorder was unknown. The presence of an endophyte within perennial ryegrass was first recognised in 1935 (Neill 1941) but it was not until 1981 that the correlation between endophyte infection and the incidence of ryegrass staggers was established (Fletcher & Harvey 1981; Mortimer et al. 1982). The tremorgenic compound, lolitrem B, produced by the endophyte was then isolated and implicated in the disease (Gallagher et al. 1981, 1982, 1984). The future then seemed clear: eradicate the endophyte and solve the ryegrass staggers problem. Endophyte-free plots, however, showed little growth and suffered severe damage from the larvae of Argentine Stem Weevil (Mortimer et al. 1982). The correlation between endophyte levels, weevil numbers and tiller damage was then made (Prestidge et al. 1982) and a few years later the beneficial effects of endophyte were shown to be due to peramine, an antifeedant produced by the fungus (Gaynor & Rowan 1986; Rowan et al. 1986).

scholarly journals Perennial ryegrass infected with AR37 endophyte reduces survival of porina larvae

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Jensen ◽  
A.J. Popay
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
The Impact

Two pot experiments were conducted to assess the impact of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected with AR37 a novel strain of the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii on porina (Wiseana cervinata) larvae The wildtype (WT) endophyte a commercially available novel endophyte strain named AR1 and Nil endophyte ryegrass were also tested Larval survival was reduced by AR37 in both experiments and by WT in one experiment Larval weights and head widths and tiller damage were also reduced by AR37 and to a lesser extent by WT Shortterm bioassays with excised tillers showed that W cervinata were slightly deterred from feeding on AR37 but only when offered a choice between AR37 and Nil No preference was shown between Nil and WT No effects of AR1 on W cervinata were observed

scholarly journals Ryegrass endophyte infection affects Argentine stem weevil adult behaviour and susceptibility to parasitism

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 406-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Listronotus Bonariensis ◽  
Microctonus Hyperodae ◽  
Observation Period

Pot experiments were undertaken to investigate whether Argentine stem weevil Listronotus bonariensis adults placed on endophyteinfected or endophytefree perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) exhibited behaviour differences that may lead to differing susceptibility to attack by the endoparasitoid Microctonus hyperodae There was no difference (P>005) in the behaviour of weevils on pots of Nui ryegrass infected with either the wildtype endophyte Neotyphodium lolii or AR1 a N lolii selection high in peramine but low in other key alkaloids Although adults were offered no choice over 60 of the adults were found off endophyteinfected plants during the observation period Weevils on high endophyte plants were found to spend less time in positions highly favourable for parasitoid oviposition (eg feeding P

Incidence of ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) and diversity of associated alkaloid concentrations among naturalised populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. M. Reed ◽  
A. Leonforte ◽  
P. J. Cunningham ◽  
J. R. Walsh ◽  
D. I. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Grass Endophyte ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Mutualistic Association

The mutualistic association between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and the ryegrass endophyte Neotyphodium lolii (Latch, Christensen and Samuels) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin, previously assigned to the genus Acremonium, is known to have a major impact on pasture and animal production. The perennial ryegrass ecotypes Victorian and Kangaroo Valley are the most widely sown varieties of grass in Australian pasture. The incidence of ryegrass endophyte (N. lolii) in these ecotypes, and the production of alkaloids associated with theryegrass endophyte, are largely unexplored. Fifty-six populations of Victorian and 45 of Kangaroo Valley were sampled from old pasture within the recognised zones of naturalisation of both ecotypes. All of the 101 populations examined were infected with ryegrass endophyte. The mean ryegrass endophyte (N. lolii) frequency for plants within the populations of the Victorian and Kangaroo Valley ecotypes was 88% and 93%, respectively. Alkaloid concentrations were determined from infected plants for 39 Kangaroo Valley populations and, in a separate study, for 24 Victorian populations. Ergovaline concentration was above the critical level of 0.4 mg/kg (above which clinical symptoms are observed) for 10% of the Kangaroo Valley populations and 17% of the Victorian populations. For lolitrem B, all Victorian populations were below the critical level of 1.8 mg/kg, but 28% of the Kangaroo Valley populations had mean concentrations above the critical level, 1.8 mg/kg. Concentrations for individual plants were <5 mg/kg for ergovaline, <6 mg/kg for lolitrem B, and <48 mg/kg for peramine. Within each ecotype examined, significant variation (P < 0.05) in the mean concentrations of ergovaline, lolitrem B, and peramine was found between the populations of naturalised perennial ryegrass. Mean concentrations for some of the various naturalised populations were higher than that observed in some of the control cultivars. Low ergovaline and lolitrem B concentrations observed for individual genotypes indicate scope for selecting grass endophyte combinations characterised by optimum production of alkaloids.

Effect of bacterial fertilizers on the properties of a pseudomyceliar chernozem soil and on the biomass of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Jakab ◽  
János Kátai ◽  
Magdolna Tállai ◽  
Andrea Balláné Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Lolium Perenne L

A tenyészedényes kísérletünket a DE AGTC MÉK Agrokémiai és Talajtani Intézet tenyészházában állítottuk be 2010. május 27-én. A kísérletben Debrecen-Látókép környékéről származó mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajt alkalmaztunk, amely az alábbi jellemzőkkel rendelkezett: KA: 37,5; leiszapolható rész: 51%; pH(KCl): 5,5; pH(H2O): 6,6; Hu%: 2,8; AL-P2O5: 140 mg·kg-1; AL-K2O: 316,3 mg·kg-1. Az adatok alapján a kísérleti talaj gyengén savanyú, vályog kötöttségű, közepes nitrogén- és foszfor-, valamint jó kálium-ellátottsággal rendelkezett. A kísérletben kontroll-, műtrágya-, valamint szalmakezelést alkalmaztunk, melyeket bizonyos kombinációkban három különböző baktériumkészítménnyel (Bactofil A, EM-1, Microbion UNC) egészítettünk ki. A kísérletet három ismétlésben véletlenblokk elrendezésben állítottuk be. A tesztnövény angolperje (Lolium perenneL.) volt. A kísérlet kezdetétől számított 8. héten a talaj-, valamint a növényminták begyűjtésére került sor. Meghatároztuk a növényminták száraztömegét, a növény foszfor- és káliumtartalmát, valamint a talajminták nitrát-, valamint AL-oldható foszfor- és káliumtartalmát. Eredményeink alapján főbb megállapításaink a következők: – Az angolperje száraztömegét a műtrágyakezelés szignifikánsan növelte. A hatás a tápelem-ellátottság javulásával magyarázható. – A növény foszforkoncentrációja a műtrágyázás következtében csökkent, amelyet a hígulási effektussal magyarázhatunk. – A növény káliumkoncentrációját a műtrágya-, valamint a műtrágya+baktériumtrágya kezelések szignifikánsan serkentették. – A talaj nitráttartalma szignifikánsan növekedett a műtrágyakezelés kivételével minden kezelésben. – A talaj AL-P2O5-tartalma az NPK-műtrágyázás és az EM-1 kezelés következtében statisztikailag igazolható mértékben megnövekedett, míg az AL-K2O-tartalom kizárólag a szalmakezelés hatására nőtt. A baktériumkészítmények önmagukban alkalmazva általában nem eredményeztek jelentős változást a vizsgált paraméterekben, azonban a készítmények szerves/ásványi anyagokkal kombinált adagolása esetében különböző mértékben befolyásolták a vizsgált mutatókat.

The effect of biological additives on the composition and nutritive value of silage

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 139-139
Author(s):  
M Gonzalez Yanez ◽  
R Mcginn ◽  
D H Anderson ◽  
A R Henderson ◽  
P Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Forage Harvester

It Is claimed that the use of the correct enzyme system as an additive on grass silage will satisfactorily control the fermentation and reduce the cell-wall fibre content, thus preserving the nutrients In the silage and aiding their utilisation by the animal (Henderson and McDonald, 1977; Huhtanen et al, 1985; Raurama et al, 1987; Chamberlain and Robertson, 1989; Gordon, 1989;).The aim of the present experiment was to assess the effect of biological additives, enzymes or a combination of enzymes with an Inoculum of lactic acid bacteria, on the composition of silage and on its nutritive value when offered to store lambs as the sole constituent of their diet.On 1st June 1988, first cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) at pre-ear emergence was ensiled direct cut untreated (U), treated with a commercial enzyme (E) or with a commercial inoculum of lactic acid bacteria with enzymes (I) in 6t capacity bunker silos. The grass was cut with a mower and lifted with a New Holland precision chop forage harvester. The additives were pumped onto the grass using a dribble bar sited over the pick-up drum.

Genetic Diversity in Seven Perennial Ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) Cultivars Based on SSR Markers

Crop Science ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1565-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Kubik ◽  
Mark Sawkins ◽  
William A. Meyer ◽  
Brandon S. Gaut
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Perenne L
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